Stucture of the skeleton Flashcards
Lecture 3
What are the five functions of the skeleton
-Support
-Movement
-Protection
-Storage
-Red blood cell formation
What is the frame that all muscles are hanging onto
Skeleton
What allows us to stay upright
Skeleton
What forms the red blood cells
Bone marrow
What are the two types of bones
Compact and Cancellous bone
Describe the compact bone
It is good at transmitting force in one direction, being that it is strong and smooth
Why is it important that the femur bone is a compact bone?
The femur takes the weight of the upper body and since it has force running down on it all the time, the compact bone helps with that, moving our weight in one direction
Describe the cancellous bone
It is made up of spongy, porous tissue that cross over one another. It absorbs shock from different directions due to its net-like structure and is less stronger than the compact bone.
What are four bone classes?
- Long bones
-Short bones
-Flat bones
-Irregular bones
Describe long bones
They are narrow with wider ends and have a cylindrical shape called diaphysis. They act as levers for movement.
What is the diaphysis made out of
Compact bone
What is the medullar cavity?
It is the hollow inside of a long bone, filled with either red or yellow marrow.
Describe short bones
Short bones are mostly made out of cancellous bones, with little compact bone only on the outside part. It is close to equal width and length and is weight bearing.
Why are short bones cancellous bones?
Short bones have to be cancellous bones to take the shock that our body has to deal with.
Describe flat bones
Flat bones are often in the body to provide a large surface area for muscle attachment. It protects organs, and muscles grab onto this bone. It does not have to be completely flat.
What kind of bones encases our brain?
Flat bones
Describe irregular bones
Irregular bones provide multiple functions at the same time, hence why they are shaped differently. They often have holes to allow other structures to pass through.
What is the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton contains the bones of the core, and protects vital organs
What bones are in the axial skeleton?
Skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum and coccyx
What is the appendicular skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton are important for movement, and are the bones of the limbs.
What are the two divisions of the skull?
-Cranium vault and facial bones
Function of the facial bones
Protect and support sensory organs
Function of the cranium vault
It encloses the brain and protects it
What kind of bones are facial bones?
Some are flat but most are irregular
What are sutures?
They are immovable
What makes us sit straight and keep head upright
Vertebral column
What is the function of the vertebral column
-keeps the trunk straight
-supoorts head
What are the five divisions of the vertebral column
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum and Coccyx
Function of the cervical
Allows movement in the head
Function of the thoracic vertebrae
Protects important organs like heart and lungs while being loose enough to allow movement like inhaling and breathing
Function of the lumbar
It takes the weight of the body
What is the sacrum and coccyx
Fused vertebrae
Describe the upper limb bones
They are much more mobile and not weight bearing compared to the lower limb bones we use for walking
What is the limb structure for humans
There is a large bone on the upper limb and on the distal section are smaller bones
What do you call walking on two limbs vs four
Bipedalism (2)
Quadrapedalism (4)
Why do lower limbs need stability
because it is taking all our weight and responsible for movement
Why don’t upper limbs need stability
Because we are not walking on them, and they are adapted to the manipulation of objects and precise movements
Why is the humerus shorter
Because it is not taking weight or long strides
True of false: Forearms and wrists and really mobile
True!
What is the result of the ankle joint enclosing our foot
Tight articulation making our ankle joint stable which limits the amount of movement on our feet
Are carpals short bones
yes
In the hand, what are the long bones
Metacarpals and phalanges
What is the purpose of the girdle
Attaches our limbs to the axial skeleton
Two kinds of girdle are
Pectoral (Shoulder) and pelvic Girdle
What are the bones in the pectoral girdle
Clavicle and scapula
What are the bones in the pelvic girdle
Hip bones and sacrum
What is the purpose of the clavicle
It stabilises our shoulder blade
What is the purpose of the scapula
Allows a lot of movement since it is not attached to the rest of the axial skeleton
True or false: The pelvis is really weight bearing
True
What is the pubic symphysis
Where the two hip bones join together and have very little movement for childbirth
What are the three parts of the hip bone
Illium, Pubis, Ischium
Difference between the male and female pelvis
- The female pelvis is rounder and has more space, more open on the exit route/bottom and have flatter bones on the side.
