stuck Flashcards
what are the 3 nasal muscles
- procures
- nasalis
- levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
what is Daltons Law?
“total pressure (PTotal) of a mixture of gases is the sum of their individual partial pressures (Px)”
what is Henrys Law?
this states that the concentration of O2 dissolved in water is proportional to the partial pressure in the gas phase
where does the trachea extend from?
laryngeal inlet = C3
trachea begins = C6
what are the 2 processes of the arytenoid cartilage?
1- vocal process = attachment for vocal ligament
2- ,muscular process = attachment for the circo-arytenoid muscles
function of the infra hyoid muscles
depress the larynx
- sternohyoid
- thyrohyoid
- sternothyroid
what are the 5 laryngeal elevators?
digastric
mylohyoid
stylohyoid
geniohyoid
thyrohyoid
what 4 muscles are involved in closure of the laryngeal inlet?
- salpingopharyngeus
- palaptopharyngeus
- stylopharyngeus
- stylohyoid
what are the layers of the heart
endocardium
myocardium
serous pericardium
parietal pericardium
fibrous pericardium
exact located on SA node
right atrium
- located at the junction of the crista terminalis in the upper wall of the right atrium and the opening of the SVC.
exact location of the AV node
within the atrioventricular septum
near the opening of the coronary sinus
where are purkinje fibres located?
in the subendocardial surface of the ventricular walls
how does the parasympathetic system have a negative chronotropic effect?
Ach acts on M2 receptors to decrease cAMP production.
= reduces the rate of phase 1 depolarisation.
- it does this by hyperpolarsing the membrane potential which is done by increasing the extent and duration of opening of K channels, therefore increasing K conc.
what is the signal delay in the AV node?
how long does the signal take to reach the AV node from the SA?
0.09 secs
0.03
where is the openings of the right and left coronary artery?
right coronary artery = can be found on the aortic sinus of the right cusp of the aortic valve.
left coronary artery = can be found on the aortic sinus on the left cusp of the aortic valve.
obstruction of the right coronary artery can lead to what type of infarct
inferior infarct
obstruction of the LAD will cause what type of infarct?
anteroseptal infarct
obstruction of the circumflex artery will cause what type of infarct?
lateral infarct
what will anterior infarct cause
loss of left ventricle function, which can cause ventricular fibrillation.
where are chemo sensitive receptors located?
ventral surface of medulla in the BBB
what will the hering-breur reflex do?
it helps to prevent over inflation of the lungs
(it involves slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors)
what things cause an abnormal level of respiratory drive?
- hypoxia
- direct stimulation of respiratory centre
- psychogenic
glomus cells
they are the primary site of sensory transduction in aortic and carotid bodies.
what are the 3 ways we classify MI?
- location of infarction
- ECG
- cause of the infarct
cause:
TYPE 1 MI
spontaneous MI related to ischemia due to a primary coronary event.
cause:
TYPE 2 MI
MI secondary to ischemia due to increase in oxygen demand or decreased supply
cause:
TYPE 3 MI
sudden unexpected cardiac death with symptoms suggestive of MI
cause:
TYPE 4 MI
MI associated with percutaneous coronary intervention
cause:
TYPE 5 MI
MI associated with cardiac surgery
how will you diagnose MI?
Clinical History - ECG, STEMI or NSTEMI
Raised cardiomyocyte markers in the blood.
- Troponin T
- Creatine Phosphokinase
- AST
- Myoglobin
3 causes of Ventricular Tachycardia?
1) acute LV damage
2) chronic LV damage
3) long QT interval syndrome