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Biology > Struggle Deck > Flashcards

Struggle Deck Flashcards

1
Q

In the dark, what is the polar state if photoreceptors?

A

They are depolarized.

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2
Q

What retinal cells are responsible for color vision?

A

cones

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3
Q

Equation: Reynold’s number (turbulent flow)

A

Re = vd/(n/p)

v = velocity

d = vessel diameter

n = viscosity

p = density

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4
Q

What does pKa represent for a solution?

A

It is the pH at which acid and conjugate base forms are present in equal quantities.

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5
Q

What retinal cells are responsible for black and white vision?

A

rods

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6
Q

A flat lens is best for near/far vision?

A

far vision

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7
Q

What is the primary muscle involved in respiration?

A

diaphragm

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8
Q

A local anesthetic can penetrate tissues in its neutral, basic form. Would a local with a lower or higher pKa penetrate faster?

A

lower pKa

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9
Q

How does excess fat affect a blood pressure reading?

A

It makes the reading falsly high.

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10
Q

Define fovea centralis

A

The area with the highest density of cones

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11
Q

Upon expiration, what is the pressure change of the interpleural fluid?

A

It increases slightly.

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12
Q

What affect does hyperventilation cause on the blood pH and why?

A

It causes alkalosis because you are expiring more CO2 than the body can produce, decreasing the amount of H+ that ionized from its stored form of carbonic acid.

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13
Q

Which structures in the circulatory system carry the largest blood volume?

A

veins and venules

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14
Q

Increased resistance in precapillary vessels has what effect on pressure in capillaries?

A

It reduces the pressure in the capillaries.

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15
Q

What are adherens?

A

actin bands that encircle a cell

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16
Q

Does phosphate (PO34-) have a higher concentration in the intracellular or extracellular fluid?

A

intracellular (involved in many phosphorylating reactions)

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17
Q

What is meant by laminar fluid flow?

A

The fluid moves in layers of different velocities.

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18
Q

Which structures in the circulatory system are the strongest (least distensible)?

A

systemic arteries

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19
Q

As the blood becomes more alkaline, what happens to hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen at low pressure?

A

Its affinity for oxygen increases.

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20
Q

How does fetal hemoglobin (HbF) aid in the uptake of oxygen during fetal growth?

A

It has a higher affinity for oxygen at a given pressure, so O2 is transferred from HbA to HbF.

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21
Q

How does cortisol affect gluconeogenesis?

A

It increases gluconeogenesis.

22
Q

A drug that is absorbed in the small intestine will be metabolized by which organ?

A

liver

23
Q

Does post-synaptic binding of Na+ always cause an action potential?

A

no

24
Q

Does a neurons plasma membrane or cytoplasm conduct action potentials?

A

plasma membrane

25
Q

Which structures in the circulatory system have the largest total cross-sectional area?

A

capillaries

26
Q

Equation: Force of moving ion

A

Force = Em - Eion

Em = resting membrane potential

Eion = equilibrium potential for the ion

27
Q

The sympathetic nervous system controls which pupillary muscle to cause what reaction?

A

The SNS controls the radial muscle, which stretches the pupil open.

28
Q

Which organelles do red blood cells contain?

A

none

29
Q

Does bicarbonate (HCO3-) have a higher concentration in the intracellular or extracellular fluid?

A

extracellular (breakdown of CO2 waste)

30
Q

Define optic disc

A

The area where the optic nerve leaves the eye and retinal blood vessels enter (blind spot).

31
Q

On which part of the eye do light rays focus?

A

retina

32
Q

How does aldosterone affect sodium and potassium in the kidneys?

A

It increases sodium (and water) reabsorption and potassium secretion.

33
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system controls which pupillary muscle to cause what reaction?

A

The PNS controls the circular muscle, which contracts the pupil.

34
Q

Urea structure

A
35
Q

What is the major characteristic of mineralocorticoids?

A

their influence on electrolytes and water balances

36
Q

What is the major characteristic of glucocorticoids?

A

their role in glucose metabolism

37
Q

Define hypokalemia

A

deficiency of K+ in bloodstream

38
Q

What is the role of parathyroid hormone?

A

It removes bone, releasing calcium and phosphate.

39
Q

Describe the contradiction between calcium’s typical role in muscle contraction vs. tetany.

A

Low levels of extracellular calcium lower the threshold for Na+ channels in the membrane, causing excitability and muscle twitches.

40
Q

What class of compounds are norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

catecholamines

41
Q

What is a zygota called when it has 16 blastomeres?

A

morula

42
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete?

A

progesterone

43
Q

Define aneuploidy

A

a deviation from the normal chromosomal complement of 46

44
Q

Define polyploidy

A

multiples of the haploid number of chromosomes

45
Q

How does gestational diabetes affect birthweight?

A

It increases birthweight.

46
Q

What are the two sites of gluconeogenesis?

A

liver and kidneys

47
Q

The production of fetal steroids during early gestation is dependent upon which hormone?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

48
Q

Do gram positive or gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane?

A

gram negative

49
Q

How does the flow of blood through a vessel relation to the radius of that vessel?

A

It is proportional to r4.

50
Q

How can a transmembrane receptor be isolated?

A

through a detergent wash

51
Q

How do insulin affect glycolysis?

A

It increases glycolysis.

Biology (9 decks)

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