Struggle Deck

Question 1

In the dark, what is the polar state if photoreceptors?

Answer 1

They are depolarized.

Question 2

What retinal cells are responsible for color vision?

Answer 2

cones

Question 3

Equation: Reynold’s number (turbulent flow)

Answer 3

Re = vd/(n/p)

v = velocity

d = vessel diameter

n = viscosity

p = density

Question 4

What does pK_a represent for a solution?

Answer 4

It is the pH at which acid and conjugate base forms are present in equal quantities.

Question 5

What retinal cells are responsible for black and white vision?

Answer 5

rods

Question 6

A flat lens is best for near/far vision?

Answer 6

far vision

Question 7

What is the primary muscle involved in respiration?

Answer 7

diaphragm

Question 8

A local anesthetic can penetrate tissues in its neutral, basic form. Would a local with a lower or higher pK_a penetrate faster?

Answer 8

lower pK_a

Question 9

How does excess fat affect a blood pressure reading?

Answer 9

It makes the reading falsly high.

Question 10

Define fovea centralis

Answer 10

The area with the highest density of cones

Question 11

Upon expiration, what is the pressure change of the interpleural fluid?

Answer 11

It increases slightly.

Question 12

What affect does hyperventilation cause on the blood pH and why?

Answer 12

It causes alkalosis because you are expiring more CO₂ than the body can produce, decreasing the amount of H⁺ that ionized from its stored form of carbonic acid.

Question 13

Which structures in the circulatory system carry the largest blood volume?

Answer 13

veins and venules

Question 14

Increased resistance in precapillary vessels has what effect on pressure in capillaries?

Answer 14

It reduces the pressure in the capillaries.

Question 15

What are adherens?

Answer 15

actin bands that encircle a cell

Question 16

Does phosphate (PO₃^4-) have a higher concentration in the intracellular or extracellular fluid?

Answer 16

intracellular (involved in many phosphorylating reactions)

Question 17

What is meant by laminar fluid flow?

Answer 17

The fluid moves in layers of different velocities.

Question 18

Which structures in the circulatory system are the strongest (least distensible)?

Answer 18

systemic arteries

Question 19

As the blood becomes more alkaline, what happens to hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen at low pressure?

Answer 19

Its affinity for oxygen increases.

Question 20

How does fetal hemoglobin (HbF) aid in the uptake of oxygen during fetal growth?

Answer 20

It has a higher affinity for oxygen at a given pressure, so O₂ is transferred from HbA to HbF.

Question 21

How does cortisol affect gluconeogenesis?

Answer 21

It increases gluconeogenesis.

Question 22

A drug that is absorbed in the small intestine will be metabolized by which organ?

Answer 22

liver

Question 23

Does post-synaptic binding of Na⁺ always cause an action potential?

Answer 23

no

Question 24

Does a neurons plasma membrane or cytoplasm conduct action potentials?

Answer 24

plasma membrane

Question 25

Which structures in the circulatory system have the largest total cross-sectional area?

Answer 25

capillaries

Question 26

Equation: Force of moving ion

Answer 26

Force = E_m - E_ion E_m = resting membrane potential E_ion = equilibrium potential for the ion

Question 27

The sympathetic nervous system controls which pupillary muscle to cause what reaction?

Answer 27

The SNS controls the radial muscle, which stretches the pupil open.

Question 28

Which organelles do red blood cells contain?

Answer 28

none

Question 29

Does bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) have a higher concentration in the intracellular or extracellular fluid?

Answer 29

extracellular (breakdown of CO₂ waste)

Question 30

Define optic disc

Answer 30

The area where the optic nerve leaves the eye and retinal blood vessels enter (blind spot).

Question 31

On which part of the eye do light rays focus?

Answer 31

retina

Question 32

How does aldosterone affect sodium and potassium in the kidneys?

Answer 32

It increases sodium (and water) reabsorption and potassium secretion.

Question 33

The parasympathetic nervous system controls which pupillary muscle to cause what reaction?

Answer 33

The PNS controls the circular muscle, which contracts the pupil.

Question 34

Urea structure

Answer 34

Question 35

What is the major characteristic of mineralocorticoids?

Answer 35

their influence on electrolytes and water balances

Question 36

What is the major characteristic of glucocorticoids?

Answer 36

their role in glucose metabolism

Question 37

Define hypokalemia

Answer 37

deficiency of K⁺ in bloodstream

Question 38

What is the role of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 38

It removes bone, releasing calcium and phosphate.

Question 39

Describe the contradiction between calcium's typical role in muscle contraction vs. tetany.

Answer 39

Low levels of extracellular calcium lower the threshold for Na⁺ channels in the membrane, causing excitability and muscle twitches.

Question 40

What class of compounds are norepinephrine and epinephrine?

Answer 40

catecholamines

Question 41

What is a zygota called when it has 16 blastomeres?

Answer 41

morula

Question 42

What do granulosa cells secrete?

Answer 42

progesterone

Question 43

Define aneuploidy

Answer 43

a deviation from the normal chromosomal complement of 46

Question 44

Define polyploidy

Answer 44

multiples of the haploid number of chromosomes

Question 45

How does gestational diabetes affect birthweight?

Answer 45

It increases birthweight.

Question 46

What are the two sites of gluconeogenesis?

Answer 46

liver and kidneys

Question 47

The production of fetal steroids during early gestation is dependent upon which hormone?

Answer 47

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 48

Do gram positive or gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane?

Answer 48

gram negative

Question 49

How does the flow of blood through a vessel relation to the radius of that vessel?

Answer 49

It is proportional to r⁴.

Question 50

How can a transmembrane receptor be isolated?

Answer 50

through a detergent wash

Question 51

How do insulin affect glycolysis?

Answer 51

It increases glycolysis.