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Biology > Chapter 1 - The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

K+/Na+: which cation has a high concentration outside a neuron?

A

Na+

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1
Q

What is the purpose of a neuron’s ATPase pump?

A

It generates the asymmetrical concentration gradient of Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane. It pumps Na+ out and K+ in.

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1
Q

What cation movement generates an action potential?

A

a rush of Na+ ions entering the cell once a threshold potential has been reached

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1
Q

What are the ion channels in an axon called?

A

ionophores

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1
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

As K+ rushes out of the neuron during repolarization, the membrane potential passes its original resting state.

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1
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

An action potential on myelinated nerves seems to jump from node to node.

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1
Q

How does ATP affect the binding of actin and myosin?

A

It reduce’s myosin head affinity for actin.

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1
Q

What role does the pituitary gland play?

A

It is the master endocrine gland, receiving information from the hypothalamus.

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1
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves originate?

A

from the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord

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1
Q

Where do somatic nerves synapse?

A

directly on skeletal muscle

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1
Q

What are first-order sensory neurons?

A

They carry information from the receptive field to the spinal cord.

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2
Q

What is troponin?

A

a multi-subunit binding protein that interacts with actin, tropomyosin, and Ca2+

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2
Q

Which cerebral lobe is associated with touch and stretch sensation?

A

parietal

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2
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla release?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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3
Q

Where and how do exocrine glands secrete substances?

A

into the lumen by way of a duct

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3
Q

Under aerobic conditions when glucose is oxidized to CO2 and H2O, how much ATP is formed?

A

36 molecules ATP

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3
Q

As a receptor potential increases above a threshold, what happens to the action potential of the neuron?

A

It will increase in frequency, not in amplitude.

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5
Q

An active neuron has greater permeability to Na+ or K+?

A

Na+

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7
Q

What is the purpose of histamines?

A

They cause an increase in blood flow to regions that have been affected by allergy, infection, or injury.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of erector muscles?

A

They straighten the hair shaft.

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9
Q

What is the protein that coils around actin?

A

tropomyosin

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11
Q

What do mast cells secrete?

A

histamines

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11
Q

Where is acetylcholine synthesized?

A

in the cytosol of a neuron

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11
Q

When muscle is in a relaxed state, what is bound to the myosin heads?

A

ATP

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12
Q

Where is reticulin found?

A

in the spleen and lymph nodes

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13
Q

Where are the ganglia in the parasympathetic division?

A

near or in the organs they innervate

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14
Q

How does calcium leave the cytosol of a muscle cell?

A

Ca2+ - ATPase pump

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15
Q

Under anaerobic conditions when glucose is metabolized to lactate, how much ATP is formed?

A

2 molecules ATP

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17
Q

How does the size of a motor unit affect the strength of contraction?

A

The smaller the motor unit, the smaller the strength of contraction.

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18
Q

What is the power stroke?

A

The myosin heads bind to actin, releasing ADP and Pi, causing a conformational change that cocks the heads to 45º, pulling the actin away from the Z-line.

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19
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

grouping of nerve cell bodies

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20
Q

What makes bone flexible?

A

collagen

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20
Q

The autonomic nervous system can be divided into what two systems?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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21
Q

What is the contractile unit of a muscle?

A

sarcomere

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22
Q

Through exercise, do muscle cells multiply or grow larger?

A

They just grow larger, gaining actin and myosin.

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23
Q

What are the areas called between myelinated areas?

A

nodes of Ranvier

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24
Q

What comprises the A-band?

A

myosin

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26
Q

Which cerebral lobe is associated with hearing and memory?

A

temporal

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27
Q

What are the glial cells called in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

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28
Q

What role does the hypothalamus play?

A

It deals with visceral activities (autonomic nervous system).

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29
Q

Somatic sensory input from the right side of the body will be represented by which part of the brain?

A

somatosensory cortex of the left cerebral hemisphere

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30
Q

Large/small cross-section neurons: which conduct action potentials faster?

A

large cross-sections

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31
Q

What are the glial cells called in the central nervous system?

A

oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

What cells deposits myelin on an axon

A

glial cells

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33
Q

Nodes of Ranvier have many of which ion channel?

A

Na+

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35
Q

What structural proteins do fibroblasts secrete?

A
  • collagen - reticulin - elastin
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36
Q

Synapse that makes just one synaptic connection

A

monosynaptic reflex arc

36
Q

Somatic nervous system nerves release what neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

38
Q

In actin-based regulation, what allows the muscle to contract?

A

Calcium binds to troponin, which causes the tropomyosin to shift its position, revealing the myosin head binding sites on actin.

39
Q

What neurotransmitter do pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves release?

A

acetylcholine

40
Q

Which phyla has the simplest nervous system?

A

Cnidaria

41
Q

What are the nerves called that released norepinephrine/epinephrine?

A

adrenergic

42
Q

Define motor neuron.

A

nerve cells with cell bodies in the CNS, with myelinated axons innervating skeletal muscle

43
Q

What is lateral inhibition?

A

Overlapping receptive fields have interneurons that inhibit impulses being sent from neighbors.

44
Q

In a resting state, what direction does K+ diffuse across a neuron’s membrane?

A

inside ► out

46
Q

Which part of a neuron receives information?

A

dendrites

47
Q

Which cerebral lobe is associated with movement and personality?

A

frontal

48
Q

What type of protein do osteoblasts secrete?

A

collagen found in the bone matrix

49
Q

What role does the thalamus play?

A

It relays visual and auditory information.

50
Q

What is collagen?

A

a triple-stranded, insoluble, fibrous protein

50
Q

What are third-order sensory neurons?

A

They ascend from the thalamus to a particular region of the somatosensory cortex of the cerebral hemisphere.

52
Q

Equation: Nernst equation of voltage

A
54
Q

How does myelin affect action potential?

A

It greatly increases the rate that action potentials are conducted.

55
Q

As an action potential reaches the pre-synaptic membrane, what causes the release of neurotransmitters?

A

Ca2+ channels on the terminal region open, allowing calcium to rush in. The calcium causes synaptic vesicles carrying neurotransmitters to fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing them into the synaptic cleft.

56
Q

What is acetylcholinesterase?

A

It is an enzyme bound to the postsynaptic membrane that hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetate and choline.

58
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

in the respiratory and digestive tracts

59
Q

What is the purpose of microvilli?

A

They increase the total absorptive area of the cell.

61
Q

If a synaptic connection is inhibitory, there will be an increased permeability in the postsynaptic membrane to what ion, causing what?

A

K+ and Cl-, causing hyperpolarization

63
Q

What is the resting voltage potential of the inside of a neuron compared to the outside?

A

-80 mV

64
Q

Which ANS system tends to conserve energy?

A

parasympathetic

65
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A
  • epithelial - nervous - muscle - connective
66
Q

What are the 3 main layers of skin going deeper?

A

epidermis –> dermis –> subcutaneous tissue

68
Q

What neurotransmitter do post-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves release?

A

acetylcholine

69
Q

How is ATP quickly produced in muscle cells?

A

anaerobic metabolism

70
Q

Which type of muscle has myosin-based regulation of muscle contraction?

A

cardic and smooth

71
Q

What is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism that builds up in muscles? What does this cause?

A

lactic acid ► lowers pH ► regulatory enzyme in glycolytic pathway can no longer function ► cannot carry out metabolic processes ► fatigue

71
Q

What neurotransmitter do post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves release?

A

norepinephrine

73
Q

What makes bone rigid?

A

Inorganic crystals: calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

74
Q

Synapse that makes at least two synaptic connections (involving interneurons)

A

polysynaptic reflex arc

75
Q

What are second-order sensory neurons?

A

They ascend the spinal cord to the thalamus.

76
Q

What connects muscle to the skeleton?

A

tendons

77
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

A

glands and smooth and cardiac muscle

79
Q

If a synaptic connection is excitatory, there will be an increased permeability in the postsynaptic membrane to what ion, causing what?

A

Na+, causing depolariztion

80
Q

What is elastin and where is it found?

A

a cross-linked protein found in organs that require elasticity

82
Q

What must be present on the myosin heads for it to bind to actin?

A

ADP + Pi

83
Q

What two main components make up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

84
Q

Somatic sensory pathways typically have how many neurons?

A

three

85
Q

How does the number of motor units affect the strength of contraction?

A

The more motor units utilized, the stronger the contraction.

86
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk?

A

chains of sympathetic ganglia on either side of the spinal cord

87
Q

In an active state, what direction does Na+ diffuse across a neuron’s membrane?

A

outside ► in

87
Q

How does acetylcholine propagate an action potential to the next neuron?

A

It binds to postsynaptic membrane receptors, inducing a conformational change to allow Na+ through, allowing depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron.

89
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete substances?

A

into the blood

90
Q

Which type of muscle has actin-based regulation of muscle contraction?

A

skeletal

91
Q

What is the more prominent nerve in the parasympathetic system?

A

vagus nerve

92
Q

In the PNS, which direction do afferent neurons carry information?

A

PNS ► CNS (they are sensory)

93
Q

A resting neuron has greater permeability to Na+ or K+?

A

K+

94
Q

What is the most abundant protein in mammals?

A

collagen

95
Q

What is the ultimate determinant of muscle contraction?

A

concentration of ATP in muscle cells

96
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves originate?

A

from the sacral portion of the spinal cord and the midbrain and medulla

98
Q

In the PNS, which direction do efferent neurons carry information?

A

CNS ► PNS (they are motor)

100
Q

In the sympathetic division, which nerve complex does not synapse with post-ganglionic nerves?

A

Those that synapse directly on ganglia within the adrenal medulla.

101
Q

What does the somatic nervous system innervate?

A

skeletal muscle

102
Q

What is the purpose of tight junctions?

A

They act as a permeability barrier and hold cells together.

103
Q

What is the purpose of desmosomes?

A

They hold cells together and to the basal lamina.

104
Q

What is the region between actin filaments, where there is only myosin?

A

H-zone

105
Q

What are the nerves called that release acetylcholine?

A

cholinergic

106
Q

What type of connective tissue do chondrocytes secrete?

A

cartilage

107
Q

As an action potential reaches a muscle cell, how and where does it affect the movement of calcium?

A

It passes down each T-tubule, stimulating the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, where it has a high concentration. Ca2+ flows down its concentration gradient into the cytosol, where it binds to troponin.

108
Q

What neurotransmitter do pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves release?

A

acetylcholine

109
Q

Sympathetic/parasympathetic: which system has longer preganglionic nerves?

A

parasympathetic

110
Q

What protein unit makes up actin?

A

G actin (globular-actin)

111
Q

What opens during an axon’s repolarization?

A

K+ channels

113
Q

What is the purpose of gap junctions?

A

They allow water-soluble molecules to pass between cells’ cytoplasms, allowing cells to function as a unit.

114
Q

Which cerebral lobe is associated with vision?

A

occipital

115
Q

Which ANS system tends to prepare for “fight-or-flight”?

A

sympathetic

116
Q

How does the CNS determine the magnitude of a stimulus being received?

A

it is based on the frequency of action potentials

117
Q

Do pain receptors undergo sensory adaptation?

A

No

Biology (9 decks)

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