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Biology > Chapter 3 - Grastrointestinal Tract and Kidney > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Grastrointestinal Tract and Kidney Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

An increase in ADH has what affect on the kidneys and on which structure?

A

It increases water absorption by the distal convoluted tubule.

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2
Q

What happens to the breakdown products of fat in the small intestine?

A

They are resynthesized into fats and packaged into chylomicrons that are transported to the lymph and eventually the tissues.

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3
Q

What contracts to prevent food regurgitation from the stomach?

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

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4
Q

In the lower stomach, what is secreted by endocrine cells?

A

gastrin

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5
Q

The thick ascending tube of the loop of Henle is mostly permeable to what molecule(s)?

A

Na+ and K+

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the glycoprotein, intrinsic factor?

A

It complexes with Vitamin B12 to be absorbed by the small intestine.

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7
Q

On average, how much urine is produced each day?

A

1-1.5 L

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8
Q

Which enzyme breaks down proteins?

A

protease

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9
Q

Which enzyme breaks down celluluse?

A

cellulase

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10
Q

In the stomach, what is secreted by surface cells?

A

mucus

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11
Q

What makes peristalsic action so quick?

A

the electrical continuity of gap junctions in the smooth muscle cells of the GI tract

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12
Q

The loop of Henle and collecting duct are located in which portion of the kidney?

A

medulla

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13
Q

What causes large intestinal reabsorption of water?

A

absorption of Na+ and Cl-

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14
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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15
Q

What is the major pigment in bile?

A

bilirubin

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16
Q

What do peptidases do?

A

They cleave peptide bonds, hydrolyzing proteins.

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17
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

gallbladder

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18
Q

What causes small intestinal reabsorption of water?

A

absorption of Na+ and glucose

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19
Q

What two compounds secreted from the small intestine act in the pancreas?

A

1) cholecystekinin (CCK)
2) secretin

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20
Q

What is the term for organisms that cannot change their internal ionic concentrations to meet that of their surrounding environment?

A

osmoregulators

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21
Q

What is one of the most powerful stimulants of HCl release that often causes ulcers?

A

histamine

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22
Q

What do the acini of the pancreas secrete to the small intestine?

A

bicarbonate

23
Q

In the stomach, what is secreted by parietal cells?

A

HCl and instrinsic factor

24
Q

The epithetial cells of the distal convoluted tubule are mostly permeable to what molecule(s)?

A

Na+

25
Q

90% of GI digestion occurs where?

A

small intestine

26
Q

The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule are located in which portion of the kidney?

A

cortex

27
Q

What compounds does the liver synthesize for digestion?

A

bile

28
Q

What is the term for organisms that can change their internal ionic concentrations to meet that of their surrounding environment?

A

osmoconformers

29
Q

The thin descending tube of the loop of Henle is mostly permeable to what molecule(s)?

A

H2O

30
Q

What is the active form of pepsinogen and what class of enzyme is it? What stimulates its activation?

A

pepsin, a peptidase

HCl stimulates its activation.

31
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus?

A

Filtration: It is a small capillary bed where blood from the heart is forced into the surrounding Bowman’s capsule, filtering out large molecules from the plasma.

32
Q

In the stomach, what is the purpose of gastrin?

A

It stimulates the release of HCl and pepsinogen.

33
Q

About how many liters of filtrate pass through the kidneys each day?

A

180 L

34
Q

What are the three major nitrogenous waste products of metabolism?

A

1) ammonia
2) urea
3) uric acid

35
Q

How does bicarbonate react in the small intestine?

A

It combines with H+ to produce carbonic acid, which dissociates into CO2 and H2O.

36
Q

Where in the kidney does 65% of resbsorption and secretion occur?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

37
Q

The thin ascending tube of the loop of Henle is mostly permeable to which molecule(s)?

A

urea

38
Q

What structure transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

ureter

39
Q

Where is glucose totally reabsorbed in the kidney?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

40
Q

What is normal body pH?

A

7.4

41
Q

What is the typical osmolarity of plasma and filtrate?

A

~300 milliosmols/L

42
Q

In the stomach, what is secreted by chief cells?

A

pepsinogen

43
Q

What is the typical mechanism for reabsorptive transport in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

It typically uses symport activity, transporting bigger molecules along with Na+.

44
Q

Which enzyme breaks down fats?

A

lipase

45
Q

What is the compensatory response to metabolic acidosis?

A

hyperventilation

46
Q

An increase in aldosterone has what effect on the kidneys and on which structure?

A

It increases Na+ absorption by the distal convoluted tubule.

47
Q

In the stomach, what is the purpose of mucus?

A

It protects the lining of the stomach and lubricates the food.

48
Q

What must be present in order for the small intestine to absorb glucose (this is a cotransporter)

A

Na+

49
Q

What is the purpose of CCK in relation to fats?

A

In the presence of fats, it acts to constrict the gallbladder and relax the sphincter of Oddi, allowing bile to empty into the small intestine and emulsify those fats.

50
Q

How many amino acids are essential?

A

9

51
Q

Why can only certain animals digest cellulose from plants?

A

Their digestive systems contain microorganisms that make and secrete the necessary enzyme to break it down.

52
Q

What macromolecules are digested starting in the mouth and by which enzyme?

A

starch and glycogen by salivary amylase

53
Q

Which enzyme breaks down starch and glycogen?

A

amylase

Biology (9 decks)

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