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Physiology > Structures of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Structures of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first 4 structures of the respiratory system, beginning at the nose.

A

Nasal cavity and nasopharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

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2
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

The “back of the nose an throat” that leads to the larynx

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3
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Cartilaginous structure that contains the vocal folds

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4
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Midline, non-paired conducting airway

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5
Q

What is the bronchi?

A

Branching airways that contain variable amounts of cartilage

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6
Q

What are the brochioles?

A

Branching airways that lack cartilage but are surrounded by smooth muscle

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7
Q

What are the aveoli?

A

Delicate, balloon-like structures that are main sites of gas exchange.

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8
Q

Where does pulmonary microvasculature happen?

A

In the aveoli

During diffusion.

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9
Q

What process regulates resistance, and thus pressure, in pulmonary circulation?

A

Pulmonary microvasculature

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10
Q

What is the movement of gas driven by?

A

Pressure gradients

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11
Q

True or false. Diffusion is the major driving force in ventilation.

A

False. Pressure gradients

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12
Q

During ventilation, what muscles change the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

Skeletal muscles

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13
Q

Ventilation or diffusion. The conducting airways are the nasopharynx and the terminal bronchiole.

A

Ventilation

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14
Q

True or false. Ventilation is also known as the exchange zone.

A

False. Diffusion is known as the exchange zone.
Ventilation is known as the conducting zone.

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15
Q

In diffusion, what is the movement of gas driven by?

A

Concentration gradients

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16
Q

True or false. There is one large structure of the lung that occupies the majority of the lung volume.

A

False. Many small structures.

Respiratory bronchiole, alveoli

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17
Q

What is the volume after a quiet inspiration?

A

3L

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18
Q

Which structure is responsible for gas exchange?

A

The alveolus

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19
Q

Which 3 structures make up the ventilatory apparatus?

A

Lungs, chest wall, muscles

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20
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up the chest wall?

A

intercostals, scalenes, SCM, diaphragm

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21
Q

What does SCM stand for?

A

sternocleidomastoid

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22
Q

In the ventilatory apparatus, the ____________ change the volume of the ___________/_____________. Then the _____________ changes and the pressure changes in the __________.

A

In the ventilatory apparatus, the MUSCLES change the volume of the CHEST WALL/THORACIC SPACE. Then the VOLUME changes and the pressure changes in the LUNG.

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23
Q

Which 2 muscles contract during inspiration?

A

The external intercostals and diaphram

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24
Q

During inspiration, in which direction do the ribs move?

A

Up and out

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25
Q

Which muscle descends with contraction during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

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26
Q

As the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, does the intrathoracic pressure increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

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27
Q

During inspiration, does the intrathoracic pressure rise or drop?

A

Drop

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28
Q

During inspiration, does the pressure in the airspaces of the lungs rise or drop?

A

Drop

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29
Q

Which 2 muscles relax during expiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

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30
Q

During expiration, in what direction do the ribs move?

A

Down and in

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31
Q

During expiration, what happens to the diaphragm?

A

It rises on relaxation

32
Q

During expiration, does the volume of the thoracic cavity increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

33
Q

During expiration, does the intrathoracic pressure increase or decrease?

A

Increase

34
Q

During expiration, does the pressure of the airspace of the lungs increase or decrease?

A

Increase

35
Q

Which cavity are movements of the chest wall and diaphragm “tied to”?

A

Pleural cavity

36
Q

How do the chest wall/diaphragm “connect” to the delicate lungs?

A

The pleura

37
Q

How much fluid is found in the pleural cavity? Is this a large or small amount?

A

10-20 mL, very small amount

38
Q

True or false. The fluid “connects” the chest wall to the delicate alveoli

A

True

39
Q

True or false. As the thoracic cage and diaphragm move, this causes changes in the pleural cavity pressure, creating no change in the alveolar.

A

False. As the thoracic cage and diaphragm move, this causes changes in the pleural cavity pressure, creating CHANGE in the alveolar.

40
Q

Which fissure divides the superior lobe from the middle lobe, anteriorly?

A

4th rib - 4th intercostal space

41
Q

What is bifurcation?

A

The division of something into two branches or parts

42
Q

Where is bifurcation of the trachea located?

A

Under the sternum close to the joint of the 3rd rib

43
Q

True or False. The vast majority of the lung tissue deep to the posterior thorax is the middle lobe.

A

False. The vast majority of the lung tissue deep to the posterior thorax is the INFERIOR lobe.

44
Q

Where does the inferior lobe airspaces descend from?

A

The 10th rib posteriorly to the 12th on deep inspiration.

45
Q

Who’s role?
Warming and moistening of air.

A

Nasal cavity

46
Q

Who’s role?
Phonation (speaking) and protection of the airways from food/liquids.

A

Larynx

47
Q

Define pleural effusion.

A

Fluid in the pleural space.

48
Q

What is it called when there is fluid in the pleural space?

A

Pleural effusion.

49
Q

True or false. During pleural effusion, the airspaces go loose, causing hyperplasia.

A

False. During pleural effusion, it is difficult for the airspaces to expand.

50
Q

True or false. During pleural effusion, it is difficult to hear breath sounds, lungs are dull to percussion.

A

True. The fluid is “in the way” of auscultation and the echo from percussion

51
Q

Name 3 causes of unilateral pleural effusion.

A

Cancer, infection (i.e. pneumonia), trauma

52
Q

Name 3 causes of bilateral pleural effusion.

A

Congestion due to heart failure, bilateral infection, inflammation.

53
Q

What is consolidation?

A

“Gunk” in the airways and aveoli.

54
Q

What is it called when there is “gunk” in the airways and aveoli?

A

Consolidation

55
Q

True or False. During consolidation, fluid in the airways transmits sound better than air.

A

True. You can hear the patient speak more clearly while auscultating the lungs

56
Q

What is it called to hear abnormal transmission of voice sounds from the lungs or bronchi? When auscultating over the large airways, the spoken words can be heard louder and clearer, compared to the peripheral airways.

A

Bronchophony

57
Q

True or false. During consolidation, lungs are dull to percussion.

A

True.

58
Q

What do coarse crackles mean during lung auscultation?

A

Pathological fluid is in the large airways

59
Q

True or false. During auscultation of consolidation, you will hear increased breath sounds and/or crackles.

A

False. During bronchophony of consolidation, you will hear DECREASED breath sounds and/or crackles.

60
Q

True or false. When you hear fine crackles, there is pathological fluid in the smaller airways.

A

True

61
Q

True or false.
Most causes of consolidation are infectious.

A

True.

62
Q

What are 2 infections that cause consolidation?

A

Pneumonia and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

63
Q

Which pathology are “fine crackles” often heard?

A

Pulmonary edema due to infection or congestive heart failure

Sometimes heard when small airways “snap” open during some types of COPD

64
Q

True or false. When a large airway is narrowed or constricted, you hear a high-pitched, musical sound on expiration.

A

False. When a small airway is narrowed or constricted, you hear a high-pitched, musical sound on expiration.

65
Q

What is a wheeze?

A

A high-pitched, musical sound on expiration

66
Q

In which kind of diseases are wheezes common?

A

Obstructive diseases. Ex: Asthma, COPD, pulmonary edema when fluid collects in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles.

67
Q

True or false. When a large airway is narrowed or constricted, you hear a louder, harsher sound on inspiration and sometimes on expiration.

A

True.

68
Q

Define stridor.

A

A loud, harsh sound on inspiration and sometimes on expiration

69
Q

When does stridor occur?

A

When the upper airways (trachea and above) are obstructed due to infection, trauma, or a foreign body getting “stuck” (aspiration)

70
Q

How could you describe a rhonchi sound in the lung?

A

Low-pitched, continuous, like snoring.

71
Q

What causes rhonchi sounds?

A

Secretions in the airways

72
Q

What is a pleural rub?

A

Inflammation of the lung surfaces sliding across themselves.

Resembles crackling sounds

73
Q

What is egophony?

A

Voice sound that can be heard during auscultation, when lung consolidation is present. Hearing “A” instead of “E” on auscultation suggests consolidation.

74
Q
A
75
Q

What words are typically used to test for bronchophony?

A

Ninety-nine

Physiology (11 decks)

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