Levels of Organization, Systems, and the Physical Exam Flashcards
What are the 3 epithelial tissue functions?
1.) Protection
2.) Transport
3.) Secretion of useful substances
What types of protection do epithelial tissues offer?
Physical, thermal, chemical, and from microbes
Where is the main location of epithelial tissue?
GI tract
What do epithelial tissues absorb?
water, nutrients, electrolytes
Where do epithelial cells aid in the secretion or removal of wastes?
GI tract, kidney, lung
What are the this cells that optimize diffusion, by reducing the distance substances need to diffuse?
Endothelial cells, alveolar cells
What kinds of fluid do epithelial tissues secrete?
Mucous, glandular secretions, hormones
Most membranes in the body are which kind?
Epithelial
______________ faces a cavity, tube, or the outside world
Epithelium
_______________ membranes are important components of the GI, urinary, respiratory, cutaneous, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems.
Epithelial
_______________ tissue membranes have no epithelial lining.
Connective (cover an organ, line a joint)
_______________ membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. Coated with secretions.
Mucous
____________ membranes line the body cavities closed to the exterior of the body: the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.
Serous
___________ membrane, or the skin, covers the body surface.
Cutaneous
____________ membranes line the joint cavities and produce fluid within the joint.
Synovial
Most membranes in the body are _____________ membranes.
Epithelial
___________ tissue membranes have no epithelial lining.
connective
(cover an organ or line a joint)
What are the “stronger structures” of connective tissues?
Bone, cartilage
Dense regular (tendons, ligaments)
Dense irregular tissue (dermis of the skin)
What are some “weaker structures” of connective tissue?
Aerolar and reticular (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen)
Adipose tissue (fat)
What are the specialized functions of connective tissues?
Transportation and communication throughout the body. Distributing essential substances and supporting the immune system.
__________ is an important endocrine organ and mineral storage depot.
Bone
__________ is an important endocrine organ, store of metabolic energy and thermoregulator.
Fat
Fibroblasts, osteoblasts/osteocytes, chondroblasts
Adipocytes, mesenchymal are all ______________.
Cells
Fibres: collagen, elastic fibres, reticular fibres,
Ground substance:
polysaccharide and protein complexes for most connective tissue are ________________.
Matrix
What includes loose and dense connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper
Are bone and cartilage considered connective tissue proper?
No
Are there adipocytes in bone and carilage?
No
Type _______ collagen is very strong, cable-like protein that imparts strength
I
Type _____ collagen is more delicate that often links epithelial tissue to connective tissue
IV
What is responsible for tissue and organ elasticity?
Elastic fibres
Can ground substance be simple globular proteins (glycoproteins) AND “brush like” aggregates of protein and large polysaccharides (proteoglycans)?
Yes
What does a fibroblast do?
Produce the matrix
What does a macrophage do?
Repair and defense (immune cells)
What do adipocytes do?
store fat in their vacuole
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
1.) skeletal
2.) cardiac
3.) smooth
Which of the 3 muscle types are involuntary?
Smooth and cardiac
Which type of muscle has striated fibres with a very orderly cytoskeletal arrangement?
Skeletal
Is the cardiac cytoskeleton arrangement similar to skeletal muscle?
Yes
Which type of muscle has less order to the cytoskeleton and lower ATP expenditure?
Smooth
What is a simplified 3 steps of the nervous system stimulus to response?
1.) The peripheral nervous system detects a stimulus and relays it to the central nervous system (sensory)
2.)The central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) integrates this information into a response
3.)The response is carried to effectors (muscles, glands, blood vessels) via the peripheral nervous system (motor)
Which cell receives a stimulus, integrates it, then passes along another stimulus.?
Neuron
Which part of the neuron receives a stimulus?
dendrite (like an antennae)
Which part of the neuron decides whether to initiate an action potential down the neuron’s axon.
axon hillock
Which part of the neuron processes information, provides metabolic support, and contributes to the decision-making process by integrating signals received from dendrites?
cell body
What is the function of axons?
Transmit electrical impulses, or signals, away from the neuron’s cell body to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells.
Which 3 neuronal cell bodies do not reside in the CNS?
Dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia, and enteric ganglia
Where does the dorsal root ganglia reside?
PNS
Where do the autonomic ganglia reside?
ANS
Where do the enteric ganglia reside?
Gut
What are 4 types of glial cells?
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglial cells
What do astrocytes do?
Support neurons within the central nervous system
What do Oligodendrocytes do?
“insulate” axons with a layer of myelin within the CNS
What do Schwann cells do?
Myelinate axons in the PNS
What do microglial cells do?
Clean up debris, detect microbial invaders/injury in the PNS
Beginning most interior, what are the 6 layers of the heart.
Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium (viceral layer of serous pericardium), pericardial cavity, parietal layer of serous pericardium, fibrous pericardium
True or false. Most disease is due to dysfunction at a molecular, cellular or tissue level.
True
