Intro to Vital Signs and Pulses

Question 1

The cardiovascular system:
The pump________
The flexible, muscular vessels ________
A very large # of tiny vessels______
Large-capacity vessels_________
Then back to the pump.

Answer 1

The heart
Arteries/arterioles
Capillaries
Venules and veins

Question 2

The ___________ receives blood from the pulmonary vein, then passes blood to the ___________ . This is atrial (systole/diastole)

Answer 2

Left atrium, left ventricle, systole

Question 3

The __________ applies pressure to blood which is ventricular (systole/diastole), and it ejects a proportion into the arteries of the _________.

Answer 3

Left ventricle, systole, aorta

Question 4

The right atrium receives blood from veins of the _________. Then passes blood to the right _________.

Answer 4

vena cavae, ventricle

Question 5

The right ventricle applies pressure to blood, and ejects a proportion into the ____________________.

Answer 5

pulmonary artery

Question 6

It is the job of the __________ to apply pressure.

Answer 6

ventricles

Question 7

The ventricles apply pressure which is __________ energy. It is then converted to __________energy

Answer 7

potential, kinetic

Question 8

What is stroke volume?

Answer 8

the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the heart with each contraction (heartbeat)

Question 9

The arteries are (larger/smaller) than the arterioles?

Answer 9

larger

Question 10

The arteries are (more/less) elastic than the arterioles.

Answer 10

more

Question 11

The arteries conduct blood (toward/away) from/to the heart to _________________.

Answer 11

away, large organ/tissue “beds”

Question 12

Arterioles feed _____________ tissue beds.

Answer 12

capillary

Question 13

The arterioles constrict or dilate to modify _______ to each bed.

Answer 13

flow

Question 14

Elastic arteries are full of __________ fibres.

Answer 14

Elastic

Question 15

In every ventricular (systole/diastole) the elastic arteries stretch

Answer 15

systole

Question 16

During ventricular diastole, __________ energy is stored in the “stretch”

Answer 16

potential

Question 17

What are the 2 main functions of the arterioles?

Answer 17

1.) overall blood pressure
2.) metabolic needs of tissue

Question 18

What dynamically constricts or dilates depending on tissue need for blood, or neurological or hormonal signals?

Answer 18

arterioles

Question 19

These are very small vessels that allow exchange of gases, nutrients, metabolites, and wastes between blood and tissues.

Answer 19

capillaries

Question 20

True or false. The exchange within is fundamentally the same in pulmonary vs. systemic capillaries.

Answer 20

False.
PULMONARY capillaries specialize in gas exchange within the LUNG, ensuring oxygenation of the blood
SYSTEMIC capillaries facilitate gas exchange, nutrient delivery, and waste removal in VARIOUS TISSUES throughout the body.

Question 21

What percent of blood volume do the systemic veins store?

Answer 21

60% (~5L)

Question 22

What senses pressure?

Answer 22

Baroreceptors

Question 23

What senses gas?

Answer 23

chemoreceptors for: CO2 and O2

Question 24

What do pH sensors do?

Answer 24

detects H+, in the form of CO2 levels within the brain

Question 25

What are the 2 major baroreceptors?

Answer 25

carotid artery
arch of the aorta

Question 26

What is the process that pressure is sensed and responded to?

Answer 26

Pressure drops —> message sent to the brainstem via nerves —-> activation of the SNS —> release of epinephrine or norepinephrine

—> and finally- elevation in HR and constriction of arterioles

Question 27

Which system/region or sensor is responsible for voluntary control of respiratory rate?

Answer 27

cerebral cortex

Question 28

Which system/region or sensor is responsible for regulation of respiratory rate based on emotional state, pain, body temperature set points (tells brainstem to change ventilation)?

Answer 28

hypothalamus

Question 29

Which system/region or sensor is responsible for ventilation changes when your muscles and joints move, sending a signal to your brainstem? This is the ventilation change in anticipation of increased MSK O2 and CO2 exchange needs?

Answer 29

proprioceptors

Question 30

Which system/region or sensor is responsible for an increase in ventilation when arterial oxygen drops and CO2 increases? ** very strong influence on ventilation

Answer 30

Chemoreceptors (peripheral and central)

Question 31

_______ and _________ regulate the activity of the major muscles of ventilation.

Answer 31

medulla and pons

Question 32

What is the range of a normal heartrate?

Answer 32

60-100 beats p/m at rest

Question 33

A blood pressure less than _____ mm Hg systolic and ___ mm Hg diastolic is low enough to be considered abnormal in most

Answer 33

90, 60

Question 34

At rest, a normal respiratory rate is usually between ______ and _________ breaths/min

Answer 34

12 and 20