Intro to Vital Signs and Pulses Flashcards
The cardiovascular system:
The pump________
The flexible, muscular vessels ________
A very large # of tiny vessels______
Large-capacity vessels_________
Then back to the pump.
The heart
Arteries/arterioles
Capillaries
Venules and veins
The ___________ receives blood from the pulmonary vein, then passes blood to the ___________ . This is atrial (systole/diastole)
Left atrium, left ventricle, systole
The __________ applies pressure to blood which is ventricular (systole/diastole), and it ejects a proportion into the arteries of the _________.
Left ventricle, systole, aorta
The right atrium receives blood from veins of the _________. Then passes blood to the right _________.
vena cavae, ventricle
The right ventricle applies pressure to blood, and ejects a proportion into the ____________________.
pulmonary artery
It is the job of the __________ to apply pressure.
ventricles
The ventricles apply pressure which is __________ energy. It is then converted to __________energy
potential, kinetic
What is stroke volume?
the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the heart with each contraction (heartbeat)
The arteries are (larger/smaller) than the arterioles?
larger
The arteries are (more/less) elastic than the arterioles.
more
The arteries conduct blood (toward/away) from/to the heart to _________________.
away, large organ/tissue “beds”
Arterioles feed _____________ tissue beds.
capillary
The arterioles constrict or dilate to modify _______ to each bed.
flow
Elastic arteries are full of __________ fibres.
Elastic
In every ventricular (systole/diastole) the elastic arteries stretch
systole
During ventricular diastole, __________ energy is stored in the “stretch”
potential
What are the 2 main functions of the arterioles?
1.) overall blood pressure
2.) metabolic needs of tissue
What dynamically constricts or dilates depending on tissue need for blood, or neurological or hormonal signals?
arterioles
These are very small vessels that allow exchange of gases, nutrients, metabolites, and wastes between blood and tissues.
capillaries
True or false. The exchange within is fundamentally the same in pulmonary vs. systemic capillaries.
False.
PULMONARY capillaries specialize in gas exchange within the LUNG, ensuring oxygenation of the blood
SYSTEMIC capillaries facilitate gas exchange, nutrient delivery, and waste removal in VARIOUS TISSUES throughout the body.
What percent of blood volume do the systemic veins store?
60% (~5L)
What senses pressure?
Baroreceptors
What senses gas?
chemoreceptors for: CO2 and O2
What do pH sensors do?
detects H+, in the form of CO2 levels within the brain
What are the 2 major baroreceptors?
carotid artery
arch of the aorta
What is the process that pressure is sensed and responded to?
Pressure drops —> message sent to the brainstem via nerves —-> activation of the SNS —> release of epinephrine or norepinephrine
—> and finally- elevation in HR and constriction of arterioles
Which system/region or sensor is responsible for voluntary control of respiratory rate?
cerebral cortex
Which system/region or sensor is responsible for regulation of respiratory rate based on emotional state, pain, body temperature set points (tells brainstem to change ventilation)?
hypothalamus
Which system/region or sensor is responsible for ventilation changes when your muscles and joints move, sending a signal to your brainstem? This is the ventilation change in anticipation of increased MSK O2 and CO2 exchange needs?
proprioceptors
Which system/region or sensor is responsible for an increase in ventilation when arterial oxygen drops and CO2 increases? ** very strong influence on ventilation
Chemoreceptors (peripheral and central)
_______ and _________ regulate the activity of the major muscles of ventilation.
medulla and pons
What is the range of a normal heartrate?
60-100 beats p/m at rest
A blood pressure less than _____ mm Hg systolic and ___ mm Hg diastolic is low enough to be considered abnormal in most
90, 60
At rest, a normal respiratory rate is usually between ______ and _________ breaths/min
12 and 20
