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Pathophysiology Exam 3 > Structures and Functions of the Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Structures and Functions of the Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are Etiologies of GI disorders?

A

-structural abnormality
-gut perfusion
-gut motility
-nutrient absorption
-neoplasia

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2
Q

What are the types of structural abnormalities?

A

-congenital
-acquired (disease or surgery)
-traumatic

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3
Q

Where are nutrients absorbed in the GI system?

A

small bowel (intestine)

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4
Q

What are the functions of the GI system?

A

-ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients
-elimination of wastes
-protection of immunity

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5
Q

What is ingestion?

A

taking in food

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6
Q

What is digestion?

A

breaking food down into nutrients

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7
Q

What is absorption?

A

taking in nutrients by cells

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8
Q

What is excretion?

A

elimination of metabolic waste

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9
Q

What are the digestive organs?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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10
Q

What is GI motility?

A

the movement of food and fluid through the length of the GI tract

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11
Q

What does the enteric nervous system control?

A

the GI tract with influences from the autonomic nervous system and nerve fibers within the local structures

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12
Q

How many layers are in the stomach?

A

3 layers of smooth muscle

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13
Q

What is the stomach lined with?

A

mucosa that serves as a protective barrier

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14
Q

What are the two sphincters of the stomach?

A

cardiac/esophageal and pyloric

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15
Q

What does the cardiac sphincter do?

A

tight muscle keeps stomach acid from regurgitating back up in esophagus

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16
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

Regulates the movement of food and stomach acids into the small intestine

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17
Q

What produces gastric juice?

A

HCL, pepsin, mucus

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18
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do?

A

-breaks down food
-destroys invading bacteria or viruses
-converts pepsinogen made in gastric cells, into pepsin

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19
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

breaks down proteins

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20
Q

What does mucus do?

A

protects stomach lining from the hydrochloric acid it produces

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21
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

churning of food into chyme; breakdown of food into smaller particles without any molecular change

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22
Q

What does the stomach secrete?

A

intrinsic factor from parietal cells in mucosa lining to absorb Vitamin B12 in the ileum of small bowel

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23
Q

Intrinsic factor + Vitamin B12=

A

RBC

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24
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

bigger molecules are dismantled into smaller molecules which become a different structure

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25
Q

Increased motility and secretions of GI tract is a result of what?

A

parasympathetic stimulation through the vagus nerve

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26
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation do to GI motility?

A

decreases

27
Q

What leads to decreased peristalsis?

A

decreased GI motility due to sympathetic stimulation

28
Q

What does pyloric sphincter prevent?

A

back flow of highly acidic gastric contents that have passed into duodenum

29
Q

What are examples of gastric motility disorders?

A

-gastroparesis
-dumping syndrome
-pyloric stenosis

30
Q

Gastroparesis

A

stomach emptying is too slow or absent

31
Q

Dumping Syndrome

A

consumed contents pass into small bowel too quickly

32
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

tight pyloric valve prevents food from passing out of the stomach into the duodenum (can be congenital in infants and requires surgery)

33
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

34
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

-contains openings for bile duct and main pancreatic duct

-bile and pancreatic fluid enter intestine through ducts

35
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

-food is digested and majority of absorption occurs here

-digested nutrients are absorbed through intestinal walls

36
Q

What is the ileum?

A

-food is digested and absorbed

-compacts the leftover to pass through to large intestine

37
Q

What is the normal pH of large intestine?

A

6.5-7.5

38
Q

What is a major function of the large intestine?

A

water absorption from waste material

39
Q

What Vitamins are produced by intestinal bacteria?

A

Vitamin B and K

40
Q

What happens to the leftover waste in the large intestine?

A

it is compacted and stored in rectum

41
Q

What happens when rectum is full and sphincter relaxes?

A

waste is eliminated

42
Q

What is the major metabolic function of microflora in the colon?

A

fermentation of indigestible food and other digestible dietary residue

43
Q

Which colonic microorganisms play a role in vitamin production and absorption?

A

-calcium
-magnesium
-iron

44
Q

What do colonic microorganisms do?

A

provide a crucial line of defense against microorganisms that are consumed

45
Q

What does the use of large amount board spectrum antibiotics allow?

A

overgrowth of potential harmful pathogens- clostridium difficile

46
Q

What is the GI tract a main site for?

A

the internal body’s contact with the external world

47
Q

What does the GI tract consume?

A

essential food and microbes, but also possible pathogenic organisms

48
Q

What is the stomach fluid pH?

A

1-4

49
Q

What is intestinal mucosa?

A

a physical, biochemical, and immune barrier

50
Q

What does intestinal tissue (Peyer’s patches) contain?

A

immune cells including lymphocytes that protect against harmful consumed substances

51
Q

What does amylase in saliva do?

A

breaks down ingested starches into disaccharides

52
Q

What do disaccharides do?

A

digest disaccharides to monosaccharide by more amylase from the pancreas in the small bowel

53
Q

What happens when disaccharides are not broken down to monosaccharides?

A

they cannot be absorbed and remain active causing diarrhea

54
Q

Deficiency of lactase to breakdown lactose causes what?

A

diarrhea when eating dairy products

55
Q

What is emulsification?

A

break down of large fat globules into smaller sizes

56
Q

What is Steatorrhea?

A

fatty stools (indicates fat not absorbed)

57
Q

What do water-soluble enzymes act on?

A

fat in the stomach and continues in the duodenum with bile from the liver (breaks down fat)

58
Q

Is fat used for immediate energy?

A

no, it is stored as triglycerides

59
Q

What does elevated triglycerides mean?

A

calorie intake higher than body need

60
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

in the stomach due to action of pepsin that breaks down in tact proteins into smaller amino acid chains called peptides

61
Q

Enzymes from the pancreas travel to the duodenum to do what?

A

mix with chyme to break down peptides to amino acids

62
Q

What absorbs amino acids into the blood?

A

the small bowel

63
Q

What controls the delivery of amino acids to various body sites?

A

the liver

Pathophysiology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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