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Pathophysiology Exam 3 > Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function > Flashcards

Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause anorexia?

A

-loss of appetite
-emotional factors
-drugs
-disease
-precursor to nausea
-can be stimulated or suppressed by smell

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2
Q

What is nausea stimulated by?

A

vomiting center in medulla

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3
Q

What can cause nausea?

A

distention of duodenum

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4
Q

What is retching?

A

spasms of diaphragm, chest, and abdominal muscles

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5
Q

What is vomiting?

A

sudden forceful removal of stomach contents

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6
Q

Why does retching and vomiting occur?

A

protects against ingested toxins

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7
Q

What is vomiting and chemoreceptor trigger zone?

A

medulla (this is why brain injury causes nausea/ vomiting)

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8
Q

What can vomiting lead to?

A

dizziness, hypotension, bradycardia

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9
Q

What is hematemesis?

A

vomiting blood

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10
Q

What is melena?

A

black, tarry stools (blood)

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11
Q

What is hematochezia?

A

bright red blood in stool

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12
Q

What is occult bleeding?

A

small amounts of blood in gastric secretions, vomitus, or stools not apparent by appearance; detectable by guaiac test

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13
Q

What happens when RBCs die in GI bleed?

A

they release protein from hemoglobin

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14
Q

What is the end product as protein is metabolized in a GI bleed?

A

nitrogen

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15
Q

This nitrogen resulting from blood cells in the gut leads to increased lab value of blood urea nitrogen

A

BUN

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16
Q

Onset of digestion starts in the stomach but mostly occurs where?

A

in the small bowel

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17
Q

What are enzyme deficiencies?

A

-lactase
-pancreatic enzymes
-cystic fibrosis

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18
Q

What can happen during lactase deficiencies?

A

undigested lactose leads to lactose intolerance with production of gas, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea

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19
Q

What are pancreatic enzymes?

A

released in inactive form, then activated once in the intestine

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20
Q

What can happen in cystic fibrosis?

A

obstruction and destruction of pancreatic ducts that are blocked by thick mucus in the ducts

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21
Q

What is an example of accelerated gastric motility?

A

dumping syndrome

22
Q

What is dumping syndrome?

A

-rapid gastric emptying
-to compensate, large bowel brings in lots of fluid
-rapid change of fluid and electrolytes within the bowel

23
Q

What is an examples of delayed or absent gastric motility?

A

gastroparesis

24
Q

What can cause gastroparesis?

A

acute illness/ injury, neuropathy of any source

25
Q

Gastrectomy

A

-loss of food reservoir
-loss of intrinsic factor from mucosal parietal cells decreases vitamin b12 absorption from the ileum of the small bowel

26
Q

What is the turnover of GI mucous cells?

A

72 hours

27
Q

What happens to tissue in GI Translocation?

A

it erodes from innermost to outermost layer

28
Q

Where do pathogens go during GI translocation?

A

from inside gut structures into lymph vessels, blood vessels, and abdominal cavity causing peritonitis

29
Q

What is translocation a source of?

A

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome which is highly fatal

30
Q

What would be a common pathogen involved in bacterial translocation?

A

E. coli

31
Q

GERD- Etiology

A

-relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter with back flow of gastric contents into esophagus
-acidity of gastric contents irritates esophagus

32
Q

GERD in pediatrics

A

-resolves by age 6-24 months
-spitting up food
-bradycardia if aspirating food into lungs

33
Q

GERD in adults

A

-heartburn after eating with chest pain that can radiate to throat, shoulders, back
-can lead to chronic inflammation and esophageal cancer

34
Q

What is Esophagitis?

A

-irritation by gastric acid
-gastro: esophageal reflux
-chronic inflammation can lead to Barrett’s esophagitis (a precursor to esophageal cancer)
-hiatal hernia often present

35
Q

What is gastritis?

A

acute or chronic disruption of mucosal barrier of stomach allows auto digestion of the mucosa by HCL

36
Q

Gastritis- Etiology

A

aspirin, NSAIDs, H. pylori, alcohol, smoking, physiologic stress, hypersecretion of HCL

37
Q

What is Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?

A

ulceration of GI tract due to increased pepsin secretion in the stomach

38
Q

Where does PUD occur?

A

Can occur in the esophagus, stomach, pylorus, or duodenum

39
Q

What is the leading cause of PUD?

A

H. pylori infection

40
Q

What leads to bleeding in PUD?

A

interruption of the stomach mucosal barrier

41
Q

What protects mucosal layer of stomach?

A

overuse of aspirin, anti inflammatory, action of prostaglandin

42
Q

PUD- Clinical Manifestation

A

-pain: epigastric region; relieved by food, antacids
-occult GI bleeding
-dark stools (melena)

43
Q

What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Crohn and ulcerative colitis

44
Q

Crohn disease

A

-can occur in any site of GI tract

-can erode through ALL tissue layers

45
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

-occurs only in the colon

-erodes only in the innermost layer of colon

46
Q

What happens in Crohn Disease?

A

-inflammation, swelling, thickening of the involved tissue

-etiology often unknown but runs in families and stress

47
Q

Crohn Disease Pathophysiology

A

-lesions identified by endoscopy
-often called skip lesions because they skip around the tissue
-areas can perforate and create fissures from the inside of the gut leading into bowel, skin, bladder, vagina

48
Q

Crohn- Clinical Manifestations

A

-usually non bloody diarrhea
-anemia due to blood loss
-malabsorption of nutrients when small bowel involved
-weight loss
-lower abdominal pain
-frequent fistula formation
-increased risk of colon cancer

49
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

-similar to crohns disease
-only involves innermost mucosal layer of colon
-inflammation and sloughing of tissue causes bleeding

50
Q

Ulcerative Colitis- Pathophysiology

A

-rectum and sigmoid often affected
-mucosal edema and tissue erosion
-mucosal thickening
-bleeding
-perianal abscess

51
Q

Ulcerative Colitis- Clinical Manifestations

A

-large volume of watery diarrhea with blood
-cramping or abdominal pain
-urge to stool
-increased risk for colon malignancy after 10 years

Pathophysiology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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