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Pathophysiology Exam 3 > Disorders of Cardiac Conduction > Flashcards

Disorders of Cardiac Conduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Dysrhythmia?

A

Abnormality of the cardiac rhythm.

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2
Q

How does cardiac conduction affect the SNS?

A

Stimulates the heart.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase heart rate, contractility, automaticity, and atrioventricular (AV) conduction.

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3
Q

How does cardiac conduction affect the PNS?

A

Stimulation of vagus nerve slows heart rate and AV conduction.

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4
Q

What are the properties of cardiac cells?

A

Cardiac cells are of 2 types: electrical and myocardial

Electrical cells compose the cardiac conduction system

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5
Q

What is the definition of Automaticity?

A

ability to generate and discharge an electrical impulse.

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6
Q

What is the definition of Excitability?

A

ability of the cell to respond to an electrical impulse.

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7
Q

What is the definition of Conductivity?

A

ability to transmit an electrical impulse.

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8
Q

What is the definition of Contractility?

A

ability to change force of contraction without changing length of cardiac muscle fibers while in “resting” state of diastole.

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9
Q

What is cardiac impulse?

A

Movement of electrolytes across the cardiac cell membrane generates an electrical impulse, also called action potential.

The impulse is carried through the cardiac conduction system within the myocardial and some endocardial tissue.

Stimulation of the myocardial muscle by the electrical impulse produces the heart’s contraction, also called systole.

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10
Q

What are electrical cells in conduction determined by?

A

interaction between actin and myosin in myocardial cells

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11
Q

What is action potential? (Cardiac Impulse)

A

movement of electrolytes across the cardiac cell membrane which generates an electrical impulse

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12
Q

What is the cardiac impulse carried through?

A

the cardiac conduction system within the myocardial and some endocardial tissue

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13
Q

What does the stimulation of myocardial muscle by electrical impulse produce?

A

the heart’s contraction (systole)

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14
Q

What causes the cell to lose positive charges (repolarize)?

A

loss of intracellular potassium ions

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15
Q

What is extracellular space composed of?

A

-low potassium
-high sodium

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16
Q

What causes the cells to gain positive charges (depolarize)?

A

an increase in intracellular sodium ions

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17
Q

What does intracellular space consist of?

A

-high potassium
-low sodium

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18
Q

What are the primary carriers of electrical charge in cardiac muscles?

A

-sodium (intracellular)
-potassium (extracellular)
-calcium (extracellular)

19
Q

How do sodium ions move through channels in the cells membrane?

A

into cell via FAST channel

20
Q

How do calcium ions move through channels in the cells membrane?

A

into cell via SLOWER channel

21
Q

How do potassium ions move through channel in the cells membrane?

A

moves OUT of cell

22
Q

During cardiac contractibility what does ion movement create?

A

an electrical current across the cell membrane

23
Q

What do electrical impulses stimulate in cardiac contractibility?

A

cardiac muscle cell to shorten (contract)

24
Q

What happens in the SA node?

A

impulses BEGIN

25
Q

What are Cardiac Conduction System Major Landmarks?

A

SA (sinoatrial) node – impulse begins

AV (atrioventricular) node

Bundle of His

AV junction – between the atria and ventricles

Left and right bundle branches

Purkinje fibers – impulse ends

26
Q

What is inherent rate?

A

Inherent rate is the rate at which the SA node or another pacemaker site normally generates electrical impulses.

27
Q

What are the components of the SA nodes?

A

Pacemaker of the heart in the upper wall of right atrium where the normal impulse originates.

Inherent rate 60 – 100

Once an impulse is initiated, it usually follows a specific path through the heart, and usually does not flow backward.

28
Q

What are the components of the AV nodes?

A

Located in lower right atrium near the septum

Temporarily delays the impulse to allow for atria to empty and ventricles to fill to achieve peak cardiac output

29
Q

What are the components of AV junction?

A

Contains some pacemaker cells that fire if the impulse doesn’t fire normally from higher in the conduction system.

(AV node and bundle of his)

30
Q

What is “bundle of his?”

A

Resumes rapid conduction of the impulses through the ventricles

31
Q

What are the components of Purkinje fibers?

A

Conduct impulses rapidly through the muscle to depolarize and contract.

Can also serve as a pacemaker with an inherent rate of 20 – 40.

Extends from the bundle branches into the endocardium and deep into the myocardial tissue

32
Q

What is Depolarization and Repolarization?

A

Depolarization and repolarization are electrical activities that cause muscular activity – contraction of the heart.

33
Q

What are polarized cardiac cells?

A

-cells at rest
-no electrical activity takes place

34
Q

What are electrical cells generate by?

A

automaticity of specialized cardiac cells

35
Q

What happens once and electrical cell generates an impulse?

A

the electricity crosses the cell membrane and results in depolarization

36
Q

What is the drive that causes contraction of the cardiac cells?

A

the movement of electrolytes across the cell membrane through specific sodium, potassium, and calcium channels

37
Q

What is depolarization?

A

electrical event that produces contraction

38
Q

What is repolarization?

A

the return to the previous resting state or relaxation

39
Q

What is Ventricular systole?

A

Ventricles contract

40
Q

What is ventricular diastole?

A

Ventricles relax and fill with blood

41
Q

What is Atrial Filling and Contraction?

A

Atrial filling occurs during systole and diastole.

42
Q

What is the main function of atria?

A

to store blood as it enters the heart’s upper chambers

43
Q

What is the definition of cardiac contractility?

A

The contraction function of the heart is one of the reasons why having normal electrolyte levels is so important.

44
Q

What is an electrocardiogram for cardiac contractility?

A

Graph of the electrical activity of the heart that results in the mechanical function (contraction).

Pathophysiology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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