structures and functions of living organisms

Question 1

definition of excretion?

Answer 1

the removal of metabolic waste

Question 2

what removes metabolic waste such as water and urea?

Answer 2

the lungs, skin, kidney

Question 3

what removes carbon dioxide?

Answer 3

lungs

Question 4

what removes urea?

Answer 4

kidney

Question 5

what removes water?

Answer 5

skin

Question 6

what is the job of the kidney?

Answer 6

to filter blood and remove waste products such as urea via the bladder

Question 7

what is the main vessel that transports blood containing waste?

Answer 7

Aorta

Question 8

what is the main vessel that takes filtered/processed blood away from the kidney?

Answer 8

vena cava

Question 9

what is the main vessel that transports blood with a high concentration of urea into the kidney?

Answer 9

renal artery

Question 10

what vessel exits the kidney with a lower concentration of urea and will join the vena cava?

Answer 10

renal vein

Question 11

what organs contains nephrons?

Answer 11

kidney

Question 12

what carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?

Answer 12

ureter

Question 13

what organ can hold up to 500ml of urine?

Answer 13

bladder

Question 14

what is the ring of muscle that sits at the bottom of the bladder which controls the flow of urine out of the bladder?

Answer 14

sphincter

Question 15

what carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?

Answer 15

urethra

Question 16

where is a nephron located?

Answer 16

in the kidney

Question 17

what is inside the nephron?

Answer 17

-glomerulus
-bowmans capsule
-capillaries
-PCT
-loop of henle
-DCT
-collecting duct

Question 18

where does ultrafiltration occur?

Answer 18

bowmans capsule

Question 19

what does ultrafiltration do?

Answer 19

filter the blood at high pressure

Question 20

how is high pressure caused for ultrafilitration?

Answer 20

as the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent which causes high pressure

Question 21

what is ultrafiltration like?

Answer 21

a sieve as it only allows small molecules through

Question 22

what small molecules are allowed through in ultrafiltration?

Answer 22

salts, urea, glucose, amino acids, water

Question 23

what large molecules aren’t allowed through in ultrafiltration?

Answer 23

RBC,WBC, proteins

Question 24

where does selective reabsorption occur?

Answer 24

PCT (proximal convoluted tubule

Question 25

what does selective reabsorption do?

Answer 25

it only absorbs useful molecules such as glucose,amino acids, mineral ions

Question 26

what are the features of the PCT?

Answer 26

microvilli-large surface area
one cell thick- short diffusion distance
capillaries- high concentration gradient
lots of mitochondria- for active transport

Question 27

where do particle move from in selective reabsorption?

Answer 27

PCT to blood (capillaries)

Question 28

what processes are used in selective reabsorption and why?

Answer 28

diffusion/osmosis- as water potential is high in the PCT than blood (high to low conc)
-then active transport as glucose has been moved from blood to filtrate (in PCT) so now there is a high water conc in blood then filtrate

Question 29

where is glucose being moved from during selective reabsorption and how?

Answer 29

blood to filtrate via active transport

Question 30

what is urine made out of?

Answer 30

water, salts, urea and ions

Question 31

what shouldn’t be found in urine?

Answer 31

glucose, amino acids, RBC, WBC, proteins

Question 32

what does it indicate if protein found in urine?

Answer 32

kidney problems

Question 33

what does it indicate if RBC are found in the urine?

Answer 33

high blood pressure

Question 34

what does it indicate if glucose if found in urine?

Answer 34

diabetic

Question 35

how to test for protein in urine?

Answer 35

use biuret test
-add biuret solution
-don’t heat
-positive=purple
negative=blue

Question 36

how to test for glucose in urine?

Answer 36

use benedicts test
-add benedicts solution
-heat in water bath for 5 min
-brick red-positive
blue=negative