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ARE PPD/PDD > Structures > Flashcards

Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Modulus of Elasticity

A

Property of material itself that describes it’s stiffness relative to strain

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2
Q

How does beam depth and girder dpeth generally relate to beam span? How does the width relate to the depth?

A 
Beam depth is about 1/20 of the span.
Span = 60'  Depth = 3'
Girder depth is about 1/15 of the span
Width is 1/3 of its depth
Depth = 3' Width = 1'
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3
Q

Bolt connections

A

High strength bolts:

  1. Bearing-type holds it in shear
  2. Slip critical is super tightened and operates in tension
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4
Q

Shear connection

A

Resists gravity forces but transfers shear forces. Only bolted on web but not flanges. If there’s bending in the beam, the columns don’t bend (but lateral forces will cause it to sway).

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5
Q

Moment connection

A

Resists gravity and shear forces. Bolted on web and flange. If there’s bending in the beam, there’s bending in the columns.
Fully restrained = more rigid, negligible rotation between connected members
Partially restrained = transfers moment with some rotation between connected members

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6
Q

Braced frame

A

Uses shear connections for most and one or more bays with diagonal bracing to resist lateral forces. More cost effective than moment frame.
Eccentrically braced frame used in seismic areas (less likely to buckle)

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7
Q

Shear wall

A

Resists lateral/shear forces. Need one in X, Y and Z directions.

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8
Q

Total loaded width of column

A

Tributary area it is supporting x number of floors it is supporting

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9
Q

Staggered truss system

A

Every other floor is a truss and spans the full width of the building. Allows column-free floor plates. MInimizes floor to floor height.

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10
Q

What provides more resistance to lateral forces? Rigid core or rigid perimeter?

A

Rigid perimeter is more stiff because it acts across larger area

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11
Q

Composite steel and concrete columns/beams pros and cons

A

Encase WF in concrete or fill HSS tube with concrete
Pro: reduce amount of steel used by half
Cons: Too heavy for beams

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12
Q

Shear stud

A

Steel pins that attach poured concrete floor slab to top of steel beam with welded connection to resist shear forces

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13
Q

Girts

A

Metal channels that run horizontally between columns (in z channel family). Metal wall panels attach to them.

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14
Q

How tall can an unprotected steel structure be built?

A

5 stories

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15
Q

Which steel members do not have to be fire proofed?

A

Members that only resist lateral forces like cross bracing

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16
Q

What adds embodied energy to a material?

A 
Higher finish
Heaver material
More petroleum used
More glue used
More heat used in production
More mining or refining
Less recycled content
US: 90% steel recycled, 30% aluminum recycled
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17
Q

Which open web steel joist type spans the longest?

A

DLH - 150’
LH - 96’
K - 60’ (most common)

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18
Q

List metals from most anode to most cathode that contribute to galvanic action (corrosion)

A
  1. alum
  2. zinc
  3. steel
  4. iron
  5. stainless steel - active
  6. tin
  7. lead
  8. copper
  9. stainless steel - passive

The further materials are from each other, the more current that will flow between them and speed corrosion (electrolysis). Best choice is using the same metal for everything touching but also be careful with other alkalyine materials like mortar and concrete. Separate materials with a nonreactive material such a rubber, neoprene or plastic.

19
Q

K values for likelihood of column buckling

A

Different connections have different values (found in table). Multiply length of column x k to determine how it will behave under buckling. Higher value means higher likelihood of buckling.
Ex. 10’ column with k value of 0.5 will behave more like a column 5’ high.
Theoretical k value is used for steel (consistent)
Recommended k value is used for wood (has variation)

20
Q

Where are rotation fixed and translation free connections used?

A

In seismic conditions (allowed to pivot side to side)

21
Q

What controls the beam size calculation the most?

A

Bending moment

Other: shear, deflection

22
Q

Relationship between column length and…

a. shear
b. moment
c. deflection

A

a. shear: L
b. moment: L^2
c. deflection: L^3
Ex. doubling the L means: Vx2, Mx4, Dx8

23
Q

Section modulus

A 
A geometric property for a given cross-section used in the design of beams. Larger section modulus means less bending stress.
Fb = M/S
Fb: bending stress
M = bending moment
S = section modulus
24
Q

Soft story problem

A

When buildings are heavier on top than bottom in seismic zones.

25
Q

Where can you notch or put a hole in a wood beam or stud for mechanical ducts or pipes? What about studs?

A
  • You can notch end up to 1/4 of depth
  • You can notch anywhere else 1/6 of depth and width of notch has to be less than 1/3 the depth of the beam
  • Cannot notch in middle 1/3 of beam
  • A hole can be put anywhere but diameter must be 1/3 of the depth max. and the hole needs to be at least 2” from edge of joist. If there is a second hold, it needs to be at least 2” away from first.
  • In studs, max diameter of hole is 40% of stud depth and no closer than 5/8” from edges. Notch cannot exceed 25% of stud depth. If pipe is bigger than 40%, you can get up to 60% if you double stud up.
26
Q

Direct tension indicator

A

Washer under bolt with bumps that get flattened out as you tighten the bolt to know if you tightened it enough.

27
Q

Types of buildings moment resisting frames are appropriate for

A

Low rise and high rise up to 30 stories. Higher than 30 should use x bracing.

28
Q 
Wood member spans:
Joists
Solid beams
Glulam beams
Heavy trusses
A

Joists: 20’
Solid beams: 30’
Glulam beams: 100’
Heavy trusses: 200’

29
Q

One way vs two way slab

A

Slab will behave like a one way slab if aspect ratio is more than 2. (long length / short length > 2)

30
Q 
Steel member spans:
Decking
Lightweight joists
Beams
Open web joists
Heavy trusses
Space frame
Suspension
A 
Decking: 20'
Lightweight joists: 30'
Beams: 75'
Open web joists: 150'
Heavy trusses: 300'
Space frame: 500'
Suspension: 500+'
31
Q 
Concrete span ranges
One way
Two way
Waffle slab
Beams
Precast slabs
Precast double tees
Precast single tees
A 
One way: 20'
Two way: 40'
Waffle slab: 55'
Beams: 70'
Precast slabs: 45'
Precast double tees: 100'
Precast single tees: 150'
32
Q

Structural systems recommended for a library

A

Reasons: heavy live loads of stacks, long spans

Steel beams and girders
Sitecast concrete beams and girders
Sitecast one way or two way slab

33
Q

Structural systems recommended for a concert hall

A

Reasons: fire protection, long spans

Steel beams and girders
Steel trusses
Sitecast concrete beams and girders
Concrete one way or two way slabs
Waffle slab
34
Q

Structural systems recommended for tall buildings

A

Reasons:

Steel beams and girders
Steel single story rigid frame
Sitecast concrete beams and girders
Two way flat plate slab
Precast beams and girders
Hollow core planks
35
Q

When to use a column and slab system

A

No beams means columns can be located more freely
Possibly more economical due to simplicity and reduction in floor depths
Most are sitecast concrete systems but can also be space frame systems

36
Q

Precast concrete

A

High early strength mix (type III) and steam curing allow shapes to cure quickly for faster production. Warehoused until they have passed 28 day cylinder test.
Shapes: floor planks, beams, columns, wall panels and domes
Conditions better controlled than site cast concrete.

37
Q

Slip joint at head of aluminum storefront purpose

A

Accommodate deflection of the structure above

38
Q

Types of attachments for securing precast panel to floor assembly

A

2 Points of Bearing: One rigid and one tie back which allows for both vertical and lateral movement

39
Q

Allowable stress ratings for lumber are based on what?

A

The wood species

40
Q

Depths of open web joists

A

K - 30”
LH - 4’-0”
DLH - 6’-0”

41
Q

Depth of concrete beam relative to span

A

1/16

42
Q

Semi-rigid connection

A

Beam or end plate welded all around. Limited moment to compensate for. No tab plates or shear bolts required.

43
Q

How to calculate snow load on a ridgebeam per lf

A

Snow load x 1/2 of total beam span

44
Q 
Which beam is the heaviest? 
W 27 x 178, 20’ long
W 24 x 104, 40’ long
W 21 x 147, 30’ long
W 18 x 119, 35’ long
A 
Multiply weight per ft x length for each:
W 27 x 178, 20’ long = 3,560 pounds
W 24 x 104, 40’ long = 4,160‬ pounds
W 21 x 147, 30’ long = 4,410 pounds
W 18 x 119, 35’ long = 4,165 pounds

ARE PPD/PDD (10 decks)

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