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ARE PPD/PDD > Plumbing and Fire Protection > Flashcards

Plumbing and Fire Protection Flashcards

1
Q

Grades of copper pipes

A

K - thickest, best for underground water supply
L - medium, best for typical supply
M - thinnest, use for low pressure pipes like condensation line from evaporator; only available in straight lengths

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2
Q

Strategies for slowing rate of flow of water to ground

A

Green Roof
Blue Roof - intentional pond
Permeable surfaces (pave only portion of parking lot)
Bioswales

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3
Q

Vacuum breaker

A

Type of backflow preventer in a toilet. Fills pipe with air instead of water in the event of backflow.

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4
Q

3 types of valves

A

Gate valve: water shutoff for maintenance. “Gate” lifts up and provides little friction for water flow. Another type is a ball valve, which shows on/off better.
Globe valve: faucet or frequent use at the end of a line. Easier to operate than gate valve, but more friction so you wouldn’t use it to shut off water for a whole building.
Check valve: backflow preventer used right at entry to building.

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5
Q

Static head

A

Height (ft) between fixture and municipal water tank. Amount of pressure required to lift water through the piping of a building. Upfeed water supply will work in buildings 40-60 ft tall usually. Pressure at water main - (Static head x building height) = pressure at each floor. It takes 0.433 psi to move 1 ft of water.

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6
Q

Black water

A

Involves human or food waste (ex. kitchen sink, toilet)

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7
Q

Gray water

A

Does not involve human or food waste (ex. lavatory, shower, washing machines)

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8
Q

How are pipes sized?

A

For pressure and flow

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9
Q

Supply fixture units

A

Made up number to indicate flow and likely hood of similtaneous use of fixtures so enough pressure is supplied but not oversupplied to account for simultaneous use of everything

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10
Q

Hot water temperatures

A

105 degrees for hand washing
110 degrees for shower
140 degrees for kitchen and laundry

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11
Q

Two things you need at every fixture

A

Trap and Vent
Trap: Water sits in curved bend to prevent sewer gases from entering space
Vent: Allows gases to vent and prevents water from being sucked out of trap
In a toilet, water in basin is trap.
Know 4 types of illegal traps.

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12
Q

4 types of illegal traps

A

S trap, crown-vented trap, bell trap, drum trap (all prone to clogging) P trap does not have vent directly above trap.

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13
Q

Grease interceptor

A

Used in restaurants. Below ground double tank to that allows solids to sink to bottom and grease to float to top, leaving cleaner water to go to sewer.

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14
Q

Manhole spacing

A

every 200’

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15
Q

Stack Vent

A

Main stack for multiple floors. Always have separate soil stack and vent stack.

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16
Q

Vent Stack

A

No stack below it (only one bathroom). Always have separate soil stack and vent stack.

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17
Q

Cleanout location and spacing

A

Where pipies make turn greater than 45 degrees and every 50’ of horizontal line

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18
Q

Septic Systems

A

Anarobic bacteria decomposes solids. Liquids go out to a leechfield through a perforated pipe. Perf pipe has a vent pipe for sewer gases to escape. In order to have a septic system you need enough land with enough soil that percolates well. If that is not the case you may need to build a mound and pump the waste to it.

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19
Q

Aqua privy

A

Outhouse with a vent pipe

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20
Q

Rainwater collection

A

Requires catchment area, cistern for storage, and height or pump for providing pressure to fixtures. If this is to be used for non-potable sources, it’s not too hard. Potable sources require more filtering. First batch of rainwater is unusable because of bird poop.

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21
Q

Slopes of interior pipes

A

Either vertical or 1/4” per foot or 1/8” per foot. so that solids float on the liquids.

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22
Q

Flushometer

A

Commercial toilet flush valve. Contains automatic flush valve and vacuum breaker.

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23
Q

Artesian well

A

Comes from an underground aquafer under positive pressure so that when tapped, water just comes out of pipe on its own.

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24
Q

Shallow well pump

A

< 25’ deep

25
Q

Deep well pump

A

> 25’ deep. Pump sends water down well at low pressure to cause water to come up another pipe and into a tank. Water is circulated down and up.

26
Q

1 pipe vs 2 pipe vs 4 pipe chiller or boiler system

A

1 pipe system has shutoff at each radiator/FCU so hot water can continue past (mini tstat) and you can control temperature room by room. 2 pipe means each radiator/FCU has its own supply and return pipes (water doesn’t have to go through first 4 radiators before it gets to 5th). 4 pipe system means each radiator/FCU has its own supply and return, AND hot and cold coils.

27
Q

Hard water

A

Contains mineral deposits that can clog piping and act as insulator which means water cannot exchange heat with other pipes or air.

28
Q

Tankless hot water heater

A

Heated water not kept at the ready. Pros: Limitless supply of hot water and also not keeping hot water all the time and wasting energy.

29
Q

Plastic pipe types

A

ABS, PE, PVC, PVDC (safe to use with hot water)

30
Q

Pipes listed most friction to least

A

Steel, Copper, PVC

31
Q

Water hammer

A

Eliminate water hitting the end of a pipe harshly by using surge arrestors. Air chambers and shock arrestors are empty pipes that stick out at 90 degrees that act as a spring to absorb some of the shock of the water being shut off.

32
Q

Why insulate pipes?

A
  1. To keep heat or coolth over a long distance.

2. To prevent condensation on cold water pipes.

33
Q

Turbidity

A

Caused by suspended material in the water such as silt, clay and organic material.

34
Q

Thrust blocking

A

Thrust blocking prevents the main water line from moving when the pressure load is applied. It transfers the load from the pipe to a wider load-bearing surface.

35
Q

Things you may have to treat water for

A 
pH level
Hardness
Turbidity
Water color
Water odor
Biological contamination (E. coli, Legionnaires', Giardia Cryptosporidium)
Chemical contamination
36
Q

4 Water treatment methods

A
  1. Pretreatment (first remove solids)
  2. Filtration
  3. Demineralization (remove dissolved solids and chemicals that cause hard water)
  4. Disinfection (prevent disease)
37
Q

Plumbing chase wall width

A

Back to back wall hung: 24”
One side wall hung: 12”
Floor mounted: 16”

38
Q

Fire extinguisher types (4)

A

A: For paper or wood (water-based)
B: For chemical fires (foam-based)
C: For electrical fires (foam-based)
D: For combustible materials (foam-based)

39
Q

Sprinkler system types

A

Preaction: admits water to the pipes after the system detects a fire. Delay allows a little time for fire to be found and extinguished before activating. Good for buildings where a great deal of water damage wanted to be avoided.
Wet pipe: always filled with water, activated by fusible link.
Dry pipe: filled with compressed air until sensor activated. Good for unheated buildings where water could freeze.
Deluge system: filled with water like wet pipe system but all heads discharge at same time. Good for buildings with highly flammible materials are stored or where a for could spread rapidly. High potential for water damage.

40
Q

Where are tankless toilets used

A

Commercial buildings with high water pressure. Less space required, multiple flushes allowed, less prone to clogging, loud.

41
Q

Standpipes and 3 classes

A

Used in large buildings where most of building may be far from exterior entrance or difficult for firefighter to get to. Used in stairs so long lines of fire hoses don’t have to drape through stairs. 100-350 PSI. Three classes:
Class I: 2-1/2” pipe with no pipe attached
Class II: 1-1/2” pipe with 100’ of hose in a cabinet
Class III: 2-1/2” and 1-1/2” pipes

42
Q

Smoke detector types

A

Ionization: quickest to catch fast fires. Current passes between two electrodes, when it is interrupted by smoke, it is activated (don’t use in kitchens or areas where smoke is expected).
Photoelectric: Best for slow, smoldering fires. Laser passing between two points.
Combination of the two is best.
Heat detectors used in conjunction with other early detection system.

43
Q

Automatic ventilating hatches

A

Used when there is a lot of content that may burn very hot or with large internal volume spaces such as malls and atriums. Venting the space allows heat to escape to prevent structure from burning and collapsing.

44
Q

Slopes of sewer pipes

A

Small pipes: 1/4” per foot
Large pipes: 1/16” per foot
Determine height of invert (lowest point of existing public sewer line
See ballast 12-3 diagram

45
Q

Equipment that require an air gap so supply doesn’t get contaminated in the event of a backup or flood?

A

Refrigerator, sanitizer, eyewash stations, commercial ice makers, food-handling equipment, condensate drainage (gap works like a backflow preventer)

46
Q

Enthalpy

A

When a substance changes at constant pressure, enthalpy tells how much heat and work was added or removed from the substance.

47
Q

Air barrier, opaque skin and overall building tightness target number

A

Air barrier: <0.004 CFM per SF of building skin
Opaque skin: <0.04 CFM per SF of building skin
Overall building: <0.4 CFM per SF of building skin

48
Q

PolyIsocyanurate (Polyiso)

A

Can be used as an air/water/vapor barrier
Cannot be used underground
Not as flammable as EPS or XPS
Yellow, faced

49
Q

Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)

A

Can be used as an air/water/vapor barrier
Good choice for underground, esp. high density option
White styrofoam
Cheaper, easily worked in the field
More insulation per dollar

50
Q

Extruded Polystyrene (XPS)

A

Can be used as an air/water/vapor barrier
Colored styrofoam
Better insulator per inch (but a few inches on a building doesn’t make a difference)

51
Q

Open vs closed cell foam

A

Spray applied, expands
Closed cell: can be exposed to water so it can be used underground, good air barrier
Open cell: Only used in interior cavity, can’t be used as air, water or vapor barrier. Better for acoustics. Less expensive than closed cell. Mold resistant.

52
Q

Fiberglass insulation

A

Floppy or semi-rigid exterior
Cavity insulation
Can’t be used as air, water or vapor barrier
Can be used as capillary break drainage plane
Less expensive than foam plastic insulations
More fiber resistant than foam plastic insulations

53
Q

Mineral wood insulation

A

Blown in or in batts
Naturally moisture resistant - doesn’t need to be replaced if there’s a leak
Better acoustic performance than fiberglass or cellulose
Better fire resistance than fiberglass or cellulose
Higher R value than fiberglass or cellulose

54
Q

Cellulose insulation

A

Blown in
Very low embodied energy
Derived from recycled paper products but treated with borate to protect against bugs and for fire resistance
Can settle in walls and create thermal bridges, so better in attics

55
Q

Types of pipes

A

Cast Iron: Used for sanitary lines in nonresidential. Non corrosive, resists abrasion, quick to install, readily available, economical, muffles sound.
PVC: Used for cold water supply lines and sanitary. Les expensive, easy to install but cannot be used for exterior applications or where noise reduction is desired.
Copper: Used for supply lines.
ABS: Rigid black plastic used for drainage lines in residential buildings.
PEX: Plastic, flexible, used for hot or cold supply lines, radiant floors, or compressed air/gas. Quick/cheap to install, resistant to freezing and scale buildup, quieter (eliminates water hammer)

56
Q

Upfeed vs downfeed vs tankless plumbing system

A

Upfeed (direct) relies on pressure from the main to directly supply fixtures so limited to buildings 40-60’ high.
Downfeed (indirect) used for taller buildings and relies on pump to get water to storage tank at top of building and gravity to supply fixtures. Height of downfeed system limited by max pressure at lowest fixture. Max pressure is 45-60 psi so 60 psi/0.433 psi/ft = 138 ft. Taller buildings require a pressure reducing valve or a mixed use of upfeed system for bottom of building and downfeed for top. Downfeed more likely to get contaminated because storage tank needs to be kept clean.
Tankless (direct upfeed pumping system) uses multiple pumps controlled by sensors for on-demand pressure.

57
Q

Qualities of plastic pipes

A

Lightweight
Corrosion-resistant
Flexible
Installed quickly and easily without soldering or flame
Cons: Will burn, and will emit smoke and toxic gas; made from oil
PEX comes on a spool and is cut to length so you can use one long piece with no fittings, also more environmentally friendly manufacturing than copper or CPVC.

58
Q

Demand load vs probable demand

A

Demand load takes into account pressure required for all fixtures to be used simultaneously. Probable demand uses typical conditions and is what is used to design systems. Estimate demand load first, then look at probable demand table. Then look at pipe sizing chart.

59
Q

Types of water heaters

A

Storage tank system
Tankless system
Circulating system (used for solar power)

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