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Biopsych > Structure of the Nervous System (Ch. 3) > Flashcards

Structure of the Nervous System (Ch. 3) Flashcards

1
Q

neuraxis

A

imaginary line drawn through the center of the CNS, from the bottom of the spinal cord tothe front of the forebrain

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2
Q

Meninges

A

the 3 layers of tissue that encase the CNS;

  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid membrane
  3. pia mater
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3
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer of the meninges; tough & flexible

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4
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer; looks weblike, soft and spongy

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5
Q

pia mater

A

layer that clings to the brain’s surface, smaller surface blood vessels of brain and spinal cords location

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6
Q

subarachnoid space

A

fluid filled space that cushions the brain; located b/t arachnoid membrane and pia mater, filled with CSF

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7
Q

CSF

A

clear fluid, similar to blood plasma that fills the ventricular syst of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Protection and nutrients.

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8
Q

What are the 2 differences between the CNS and PNS

A

CNS protected by BONES and contains CSF

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9
Q

ventricles

A

one of the hollow spaces w/in the brain filled with CSF; hollow interconnected chambers

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10
Q

lateral ventricles

A

2 ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon; largest chambers; connected to 3rd ventricle

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11
Q

3rd ventricle

A

ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon; located @ the midline of the brain

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12
Q

massa intemedia

A

bridge of neural tissue that crosses through the middle of the 3rd ventricle

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13
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

narrow tube interconnecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain located in the center of the mesencephalon

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14
Q

4th ventricle

A

ventricle located b/t the cerebellum and dorsal pons in the center of the mesencephalon

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15
Q

Choroid plexus

A

highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces CSF continually

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16
Q

neural tube

A

hollow tube, closed at rostral end that forms from ectodermal (outerlayer) tissue early in embryonic dvlpmt. Serves as the origin of the CNS

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17
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres.

larger in humans than any other species

plays a vital role in cognition and control of mov’t

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18
Q

ventricular zone

A

layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube; contains progenitor cells that divide and give rise to the cells outside of the CNS

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19
Q

Progenitor cells

A

cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells outside the CNS

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20
Q

Symmetrical division

A

division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to 2 identical progenitor cells; increases size of ventricular zone and therefore brain develops from this

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21
Q

Asymmetrical division

A

division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to another progenitor cell and a neuron; which migrates away from the ventricular zone toward its final resting place in the brain

7 weeks after conceptions; lasts about 3months

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22
Q

radial glia

A

special glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex; provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain devlpmt.

attach to pia mater

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23
Q

Cajal-Retzius (C-R) cells

A

specialized neurons that est themselves during cortical dvlpmt in a layer near the terminals of the radial glia, just inside the pia mater.

secrete a chem that controls the est of migrating neurons in the layer of the cortex; cause neurons to detach from the radial glia fibers and est themselves on the outermost layer of the cortex

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24
Q

How long does asymmetrical division last?

A

about 3 months.

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25
What signals the end of cortical dvlpmt?
When progenitor cells begin apoptosis
26
apoptosis
death of a cell caused by a chem signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell
27
The size of the brain is determined by what?
The size of the ventricular zone
28
Forebrain
most rostral of the 3 major divisons of the brain; includes telencephalon and diencephalon
29
Telencephalon
includes most of the 2 symmetrical cerebral hemis that make up the cerebrum
30
cerebral hemisphere
one of 2 major protions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex. contains the limbic system and basal ganglia
31
subcoritcal region
region in the brain beneath cortical surface
32
cerebral cortex
greatly convoluted gray matter
33
sulci
grooves in the surface of the cerebral hemi, smaller than a fissure
34
fissure
maj. groove in the surface of the brain
35
gyri
convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemis separated by sulci or fissure
36
primary visual cortex
post. occipital lobe primary input from visual system
37
calcarine fissure
medial occipital lobe most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks
38
primary auditory cortex
superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system
39
lateral fissure
fissure that separates the temporal lobe and parietal lobes
40
primary somatosensory cortex
anterior parietal lobe primary input is from the somatosensory system
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central sulcus
sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
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Is sensory info contra or ipsilateral
contralateral
43
primary motor cortex
post. frontal lobe controls movement of skeletal muscle (contralateral)
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frontal lobe
anterior portal of the cerebral cortex; rostral to the parietal lobe & dorsal to the temporal lobe
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parietal lobe
caudal to frontal lobe; dorsal to temporal lobe
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temporal lobe
rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes
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occipital lobe
caudalto parietal and frontal lobes
48
sensory association cortex
regions of the cerebral cortex the receive info from the regions of the primary sensory cortex perception and memories are stored here
49
What happens when the sensory association cortex is damaged?
Results in deficits to somatosensation and to the environment in general
50
motor association cortex
region of the frontal lobe rostral to primary motor cortex controls primary motor cortex, therefore directly controls behavior
51
prefrontal cortex
rostoral to motor association cortex
52
Fcns of the left hemisphere
analyes the situation/information good @ recognizing serial events and controlling sequences of behavior; verbal activity
53
Fcns of the right hemisphere
specialized for systhesis can draw sketches, read maps and construct complex objects
54
Neocortex
phylogentically newest cortex; including primary sensory, motor and association cortex
55
Limbic cortex
phylogenetically old cortex; located @ the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres
56
Limnic System
group of brain regions including the anterior thalmus nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus,limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalmus
57
hippocampus
forebrain structure of the temporal lobe constituting an important part of the limbic system; includesthe hippocampus proper (Ammon's horn), dentate gyrus and subiculum. involved in learning and memory
58
amygdala
structure in the interior of the rostoral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei involved in emotions
59
Basal Ganglia
group of subcortical nuclei in the telencephalon and the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus and putamen important to motor control
60
nuclei
identifiable group of neural bodies in the CNS; groups of neurons w/ similar shape
61
Diencephalon
region of the forebrain surrounding the 3rd ventricle; includes thalmus and hypothalmus
62
Thalmus
largest portion of the diencephalon located above the hypothalmus; contains nuclei that project info to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive info from it. Relay station for sensory info. Most neural input to the cerebral cortex is received by the thalmus
63
projection fibers
axon of a neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form synapses with neurons in another region
64
Lateral geniculate nucleus
group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalmus that receives fibers from the retina and project fibers into the primary visual cortex
65
medial geniculate nucleus
receives fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex.
66
Hypothalmus
group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalmus involved in regulation of the ANS, control of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands & integration of species typical behaviors controls the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
67
optic chiasm
an X-shaped connection b/t the optic nerves located below the base of the brain. where 1/2 of the optic nerves axons cross from 1 side of the brain to the other
68
Anterior pituitary gland
ant. part of the pituitary gland endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by hypothalmic hormones; most hormones secreted control other endocrine glands
69
posterior pituitary gland
endocrine gland that contains hormone secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalmus
70
Midbrain
mesencephalon; central of the 3 major divisions of the brain
71
mesencephalon
midbrain; region of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; includes the tectum and tegmentum
72
Tectum
dorsal part of the midbrain part of the visual system
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superior colliculi
part of the visual system; visual reflexes to visual stimuli
74
inferior colliculi
protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system
75
Brain stem
the stem of the brain, from the medulla to the diencephalon excluding the cerebellum
76
Tegmentum
reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra
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reticular formation
receives sensory info and prjects info to the cerebral cortex, thalmus and spinal cord *sleep, arousal, attention, muscle tonus, movement and various vital reflexes
78
periaqueductal gray matter
surrounds cerebral aqueduct; contains neural circuts involved in species-typical behavior (fighting, mating. etc)
79
Red nucleus
large nucleus of the midbrin that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord. important to system
80
substantia nigra
a darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains the neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen important to motor system
81
Hindbrain
most caudal of the three major divisions of the brain; includes metencephalon and myelencephalon
82
Cerebellum
major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons; contains 2 cerebral hemis covered with the cerebral cortex; important part of the motor system receives visual, audtiory, vestibular, and somatosensory info and individual muscle movements being sent to the brain *coordinates skillful movement/fine motor control
83
Pons
region of the metencephalon rostoral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum sleep/arousal, relays info from the cerebral cortex to cerebellum
84
Medulla oblongata
most caudal portion of the brain, immediately rostoral to spinal cord vital/basic life fcns
85
Spinal cord
cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla Principle fcn: distribute motor fibers to the effector organs of the body & to collect somatosensory info for the brain, some reflexive control circuts protected by vertebral column
86
Spinal root
a bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve
87
cauda equina
bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord

Biopsych (4 decks)

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