Exam 1

Question 1

Rene Descartes contributions (2)

Answer 1

1. gave the idea of creating a model of the nervous system

2. first to suggest link between mind and body (body controlled by hydraulic system; pineal body)

Question 2

Galvani contributions (2)

Answer 2

1. found that muscles respond to electrical stimuli

2. Disproved Descartes hydraulic system

Question 3

Gall and Spurzheim contributions

Answer 3

1. Phrenology

2. specific areas of the brain house specific fcns

Question 4

Mueller contributions

Answer 4

1. doctrine of specific nerve energies

Question 5

doctrine of specific nerve energies

Answer 5

all nerve fibers carry the sane type of message, sensory info must be specified by nerve fibers activated.

Question 6

Flourens contributions

Answer 6

experimental ablation

Question 7

experimental ablation

Answer 7

purposeful destruction of parts of the brain & observing behavior affected after

Question 8

Fritsch & Hitzig contributions

Answer 8

demonstrated contralaterality in motor strip by stimulating dog’s cortex

Question 9

Darwin contributions

Answer 9

1. Functionalism
2. Natural Selection
3. mutations

Question 10

functionalism

Answer 10

all behaviors have an evolutionary fcn

Question 11

Natural selection

Answer 11

selective advantage becomes more prominent in a population

Question 12

mutations

Answer 12

change in genetic info that can be passed onto offspring; only a small % are advtg.

Question 13

Contralaterality (definition & what senses are contralateral)

Answer 13

Hemisphere controls opp side of body. (ie left hemi controls right hand)

Senses: tactile, visual and auditory and motor

Question 14

Left hemi fcns

Answer 14

Analyzles situation/info

1. extraction of elements that make up whole experience
2. good @ recognizing serial evts and controlling sequences of behavior
3. verbal activites

Question 15

Right hemi fcns

Answer 15

specialized for synthesis

1.draw sketches, read maps, construct complex objects.

Question 16

glia

Answer 16

the supporting cells of the CNS; shelter neurons physically and chemically.

1. surround neurons and keep them in place
2. control neurons supply of nutrients and chems
3. insulate neurons from each other
4. destroy and remove carcasses of neurons killed by disease/ injury

Question 17

astrocytes

Answer 17

provides support for neurons of the CNS; provides nutriuents and other substrates and regulates the chem composition of the extracellular fluid

phagocytosis

Question 18

phagocytosis

Answer 18

process by which the cell engulf and digest other cells/debris caused by cellular degeneration

Question 19

oligodendrocyte

Answer 19

type of glial cell in the CNS that forms myelin sheaths

Question 20

myelin sheath

Answer 20

sheath that surrounds axons & insulates them, preventing messages from spreading b/t adjacent axons

Question 21

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 21

a naked portion of myelinated axons; b/t adj oligodendroglia or Schwann cells

Question 22

microglia

Answer 22

smallest of glial cells; act as phagocytes & protect the brain from invading micro-organisms

act as representatives of the immune system in the brain; responsible for inflammatory response to brain damage.

Question 23

Schwann cells

Answer 23

cell in the PNS that is wrapped around a myelinated axon

perform the same fcn as oligodendrocytes in the CNS

Question 24

Avg charge of a neuron at rest

Answer 24

-70mV

Question 25

What are the 4 important ions

Answer 25

1. Cl- 2. Na + 3. K + 4. A - (organic ions)

Question 26

Action potential

Answer 26

forces of both diffusion and electrostatic pressure tend to push Na+ into the cell Caused by brief increase in the permeability of the membrane to Na+

Question 27

all or none principle

Answer 27

once an action potential is triggered it is propagated without decrement to the end of the fiber; action potential either does or does not occur

Question 28

rate law

Answer 28

principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other info being transported in an axon are represented by variations in the rate @ which that axon fibers.

Question 29

Saltatory conduction

Answer 29

conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. The axon potential appears to jump from one node of ranvier to the next. saves E and increases myelin conduction speed.

Question 30

post-synaptic potentials

Answer 30

alterations in the membrane potential of a post synaptic neuron, produced by liberation of neurotransmitter at the synapse increase/decrease rate of firing of the axon of the next post synaptic neuron

Question 31

binding site

Answer 31

location on a receptor protein to which a ligand binds

Question 32

ligand

Answer 32

chem that binds with the binding site of a receptor neurotransmitters are natural ligands