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SGUL - Physiology 2 > Structure Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Structure Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the human nervous system comprised of?

A

Comprised of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What is the Peripheral nervous system broken down into?

A
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
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3
Q

Describe the brain as an organ

A
  • The most complex organ in the human body
  • Controls basic fundamental life processes
  • Also controls more complex processes
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4
Q

List the basic fundamental life processes of the brain

A
  • Breathing
  • Organ function
  • Movement
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5
Q

List the complex processes of the brain

A
  • Thought
  • Behaviour and emotion
  • Creating memories
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6
Q

What are the major regions of the brain?

A
  • Forebrain: Telecephalon (or cerebrum), Diencephalon
  • Brainstem: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
  • Cerebellum
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7
Q

List the different axes of the brain

A
  • Anterior (Front) and Posterior (Behind)
  • Rostral (Nose) and Caudal (Tail)
  • Dorsal (Top) and Ventral (Bottom)
  • Superior (Above) and Inferior (Below)
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8
Q

List the different planes of the brain

A
  • Coronal: Divide the brain into front (anterior) and a back (posterior) section
  • Horizontal: Divide the brain into an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) section
  • Sagital: Divide the brain into two hemispheres, Further characterised as midsagittal (midline) or parasagittal (more lateral)
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9
Q

Describe the hippocampus
State it’s function

A
  • A region of the cerebral cortex embedded deep within the temporal lobe
  • Learning
  • Memory formation and retrieval
  • Regulation of hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
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10
Q

What are two types of hippocampal dysfunction?

A
  • Anterograde amnesia
  • Retrograde amnesia
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11
Q

What is the coronal, Horizontal, Sagittal sections of the brain?

A

Reveals important regions within the forebrain, including various sub-cortical structures

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12
Q

What are the cranial nerves in the brain?

A

Describes the twelve pairs of nerves arising from the brainstem that perform a diverse range of functions

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13
Q

List, in order, the cranial nerves in the brain

A
  1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Auditory vestibular (Vestibulocochlear) 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Spinal accessory 12. Hypoglossal
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14
Q

Describe the Cranial Nerves XI and XII

A

Cranial nerve XI (Spinal accessory):
- Somatic motor: Movement of muscles in the throat and neck

Cranial nerve XII (Hypoglossal):
- Somatic motor: Movement of the tongue (e.g. Swallowing and speech)

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15
Q

List the support and protection regions of the brain

A
  • Meninges
  • Ventricular system
  • Vasculature system
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16
Q

What is the meninges?
What does it comprise of?

A
  • The meninges describes the 3 membranous layers that cover the brain and spinal cord
  • Comprises of:
  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
17
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A
  • Primary function: The protection of the brain and spinal cord
  • Passage of cerebrospinal fluid - Ventricular system
  • Support of cerebral and spinal blood vessels - Vasculature system
18
Q

Describe the ventricular system of the brain

A
  • The ventricular system comprises a series of interconnected, Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled spaces that lie at the core of forebrain and brainstem
19
Q

What does the ventricular system comprise of?

A
  • Lateral ventricles
  • Third ventricles
  • Fourth ventricles
  • The choroid plexus is responsible for producing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills these ventricular spaces
20
Q

What is the function of the ventricular system?

A
  • Protection of the brain
  • Transport
  • Other functions include regulation of Buoyancy
21
Q

Describe the Vasculature of the brain

A
  • Two pairs of arteries supply blood to the brain!
  • Internal carotid arteries
  • Vertebral arteries
22
Q

Describe which parts of the brain these arteries supply

A
  • Anterior circulation is derived from the internal carotid arteries: Supplies the forebrain (Cerebrum and Diencephalom)
  • Posterior circulation is derived from the vertebral arteries: supplies the brainstem, cerebellum and upper spinal cord
23
Q

Describe the vertebral arteries

A
  • Vertebral arteries converge near the base of pons to form the basilar artery
  • Basilar artery splits into the right and left superior cerebella’s arteries and the posterior cerebral arteries at the level of the midbrain
  • Posterior cerebral arteries send branches: Posterior communicating arteries that connect to the internal carotid arteries
24
Q

Describe the internal carotid arteries

A
  • Internal carotid arteries branch to form the middle cerebral arteries and the anterior cerebral arteries
  • Anterior cerebral arteries are connected by the anterior communicating artery
  • Ring of connected arteries form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain
25
Q

List the functions of the Vasculature system

A
  • Delivery of oxygen (O2)
  • Removal of carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Transport (Nutrients, waste products)

SGUL - Physiology 2 (37 decks)

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