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SGUL - Physiology 2 > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is emotion?

A

An emotion is feelings that we experience such as happiness, anger etc

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2
Q

What is meant by the manifestation of emotion?

A

It means what it looks like when you manifest your emotions for e.g.
- An exhausted person may have drooping eyelids
- An angry person may look all red
- A depressed person may have a sad face

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3
Q

What is meant by affective neuroscience?

A

The field of neuroscience with studies of emotion for e.g
- Neural basis of emotion and mood
- Mood as an emotion extended in time

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4
Q

How do we study depression in animal models?

A
  • One way to test is the forced swim test
  • You take a 5 litre beaker and fill it with water at a fixed temp
  • You let the mouse swim in water for periods of 7-10 minutes
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5
Q

Describe how the forced swim test works

A
  • Initially the mouse would like swimming so it would swim quite happily
  • The mouse will eventually become fed up and try to escape the beaker
  • But when it realises it can’t escape, it results in freezing like behaviour
  • Where it will have just enough movement of its hind legs to keep its head above water
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6
Q

What do you measure during this type of experiment?

A

The time spent immobilised which is a proxy of a depressed like behaviour

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7
Q

What was found during these tests?

A

They found that morphine withdrawal mouses spent more time immobilised compared to the saline control
- This suggest that opioid abstinence mice expressed depressive like behaviour

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8
Q

What were some theories which were used to explain emotion?

A
  • The James Lange theory suggested we experience emotions in response to physiological changes in our body
  • So we feel sad before we cry, the crying is what induces this expression of sadness
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9
Q

What are some problems with this theory?

A
  • It assumes that you have to cry in order to feel sad which is not necessarily true
  • Since you can be crying full of happiness
  • If a person suffered spinal injury or was paralysed and wasn’t able to express any emotion then this person will not be able to experience emotion
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10
Q

What is another theory used to explain emotion?

A
  • Cannon Bard suggested we experience emotions independently from the emotional expression
  • Emotions are produced when signals reach the thalamus either directly from sensory receptors or by descending cortical inputs
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11
Q

Briefly describe the James Lange and Cannon Bard theory side by side

A
  • The James Lange theory: Emotion experienced in response to physiological changes in the body
  • Cannon Bard theory: Emotions occur independent of emotional expression, no correlation to physiological state
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12
Q

Is the brain system responsible for emotions?

A

Broca’s lambic lobe
- Limbus (in Latin) means border
- Primitive cortical gyri that form a ring around the brain stem

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13
Q

What does the broca’s limbic lobe include?

A
  • The parahyppocampal gyrus
  • The cingulate gyrus
  • The subcallosal gyrus
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14
Q

Describe the Limbic system

A

Broca’s limbic lobe
- Areas of brain forming a ring around corpus callosum: Cingulate gyrus, medial surface temporal lobe, hippocampus
- It was found that all these areas was involved in emotional processing

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15
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A
  • Papez figured out how the emotional processing takes place
  • He came up with a circuit called the Papez circuit
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16
Q

How does the Papez circuit work?

A
  • According to this circuit, once you respond to a stimulus, the emotional colouring takes place in the neurocortex
  • This sends a connection to the cingulate cortex which deals with emotional experience
  • The cingulate cortex is connected to the hippocampus via neurons
  • The hippocampus is then connected to the hypothalamus via neurons called the fomix
  • Emotions then get manifested in the hypothalamus which induces an endocrine or ANS response
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17
Q

How is the Papez circuit returned to the Cingulate cortex?

A
  • Following the emotional expression, there is a circuitry consisting of neurons which project from the hypothalamus to the thalamus
  • Then from the Thalamus to the cingulate cortex
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18
Q

How do scientists know that a specific area actually affects emotion?

A
  • Found that the cortex is critical for emotional experience
  • Hippocampus governs behavioural expression of emotion
  • They lesions sections of the anterior thalamus and found that the lesions lead to spontaneous laughing or crying
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19
Q

What can the limbic system be defined as?

A

Involved in emotional processing

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20
Q

What does the limbic system also consist of?

A
  • Cingulate Gyrus
  • Parahippocampal structures
  • Septal nuclei
  • Amygdala
  • Enthorinal Cortex
  • Hippocampal complex: Dentate gyrus, CA1-CA4 subfields, Subiculum
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21
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A
  • Anatomically the limbic system appears to have a role in attaching behavioural significance and response to a stimulus, especially with respect to its emotional content
22
Q

What does damage to the limbic system result in?

A

Leads to profound effects on the emotional responsiveness of the animal

23
Q

What are the functions of the Cingulate gyrus?

A
  • Role in the complex motor control
  • Pain perception
  • Social interactions as well as mood
24
Q

What are the functions of the hippocampus?

A
  • Primary function in memory
  • Critical role in connecting certain sensations and emotions to these memories
25
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Involved in learning and storage of emotional aspects of experience

26
Q

What is a problem with the limbic system?

A

There are difficulties with single emotion system concept
- Divesity of emotions and brain activity
- Many structures involved in emotion
- No one to one relationship between structure and function
- Limbic system: Use of single, discrete, Orion system is questionable

27
Q

What were some previous theories of emotion based on?

A
  • Early theories of emotion and limbic system was built on introspection and inference from brain injury & disease
  • Studies of disease and consequences of lesions not ideal for revealing normal function
28
Q

What are some basic theory of emotions?

A
  • Nowadays you can assume that emotions are associated with distinct part of the brain
  • For example, fearness was associated with increased levels of activity in the amygdala
  • Sadness was associated with increased levels of activity in the prefrontal cortex
29
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Has a critical role in fear, aggression & anxiety

30
Q

Where is the amygdala found in the brain?

A

Situated next to the hippocampus

31
Q

Describe the anatomy of the amygdala

A
  • Consists of several subregions or sub nuclei
  • 3 important nuclei are: Basolateral nuclei, Central nucleus, Corticomedial nuclei
  • All have different roles in modulating emotions
32
Q

Describe the inputs of the amygdala

A
  • Recieves inputs from the neocortex: All lobes, including hippocampal and cingulate gyri
  • Basolateral nuclei: recieves information from all sensory systems
  • Corticomedial nuclei
  • Central nuclei
33
Q

Describe the outputs of the amygdala

A

Output to hypothalamus (region involved in expression of emotion):
- Stria terminalis
- Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

34
Q

What research was used to investigate the role of the amygdala?

A
  • Kluver Bucy syndrome done an experiment
  • They removed the temporal lobe which involves the temporal cortex, Amygdala and hippocampus
35
Q

What did they find in their experiment

A

They found:
- Good visual perception but very poor visual recognition
- Psychic blindness
- Oral tendencies
- Emotional changes (Reduced favour)
- Altered sexual behaviour

36
Q

What happens to behaviour if the amygdala is removed (amygdalectomy)?

A
  • Reduced fear
  • Reduced aggression
  • Hypersexuality
  • Oral tendencies
  • Reduced ability to recognise a fearful expression (can recognise happiness)
  • Flattened emotions
37
Q

What electrical stimulations take place once the amygdala is removed?

A
  • Increased vigilance
  • Anxiety
  • Fear
  • Aggression
38
Q

What is one key factor that the amygdala is involved in?

A

Involved in forming memories of emotional and painful events
- Confirmed by fMRI and PET imaging

39
Q

Briefly describe one concept of how the amygdala works

A
  • The amygdala is involved in the integration of current stimuli with past experiences such as learned fear
  • This is important in PTSD
40
Q

Describe how the amygdala works in fear

A
41
Q

Describe how the amygdala works in fear (PART 2)

A
42
Q

Describe how the amygdala works in fear (PART 3)

A
43
Q

What are the different types of aggression?

A

Multi faceted behaviour
- Kill for freedom (seen as positive aggression)
- Murderer
- Dominance

44
Q

List the biological mechanisms of aggression?

A
  • Endocrine mechanisms (Testosterone, castration)
  • Brain mechanisms (Predatory aggression, Affective aggression)
45
Q

Briefly describe predatory aggression under brain mechanisms

A
  • Attacks made against a member of a different species to obtain food
  • No sympathetic activity
46
Q

Briefly describe Affective aggression under brain mechanisms

A

For show, threatening posture
- Social hierarchy
- High levels of sympathetic activity
- Amygdala important role related to social hierarchy

47
Q

How do we know the amygdala is involved in aggression?

A

When you do a surgery to remove the amygdala, you get:
- Reduced aggressive behaviour
- Relief from anxiety
- Profound unpleasant side effects

48
Q

Describe the role of the hypothalamus in aggression

A

In an experiment done on rats and cats, they carried out
- Removal of the cerebral hemisphere but not hypothalamus leading to sham rage
- Removal of both cerebral hemispheres + anterior hypothalamus led to sham rage as well
- Also removal of posterior hypothalamus led to no sham rage
- Found that electrical stimulation of hypothalamus leads to affective and predatory aggression

49
Q

Describe what is led to aggressive behaviour

A

In response to a particular stimulus
- The cerebral cortex gets stimulated
- This sends signals to the amygdala
- This then sends a signal to the hypothalamus but there’s also direct connection to the PAG & Ventral tagmental area
- This finally leads to aggressive behaviour

50
Q

What leads to predatory or affective aggression

A

Two hypothalamic pathways to brain stem involving autonomic functions
- Medial forebrain bundle -> Ventral tegmenal area leads to predatory aggression
- Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus -> Periaqueductal gray matter leads to affective aggression

51
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in aggression?

A

Serotonin

52
Q

What is the hypothesis regarding serotonin?

A

Serotonin deficiency hypothesis
- Aggression is inversely related to serotonergic activity
- 5 HT antagonist increase aggression levels
- Agonists of 5 HT1a or 5HT1B decrease anxiety and aggressiveness
- In humans also, reports of negative correlation between serotonin activity and aggression

SGUL - Physiology 2 (37 decks)

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