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CVR > Structure Of Lower Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Structure Of Lower Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of lungs

A

gas exchange
• 20m2 gas exchange area per lung
• Minute ventilation approx 5 litres
• Cardiac output approx 5 litres per minute
• Regional differences in ventilation and perfusion (blood supply)

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2
Q

Trachea

A

mobile cartilaginous and membranous tube
• larynx to carina (5th thoracic vertebra T5)
• Oval in cross section
• Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium
• Goblet cells
• Semicircular hyaline cartilages keep tube open- posterior free ends of cartilage connected by trachealis muscle
• Mobile (3cm and 1cm, superior and inferior)

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3
Q

Blood supply to trachea

A

Upper 2/3 supplied by inferior thyroid arteries and lower 1/3 supplied by bronchial arteries

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4
Q

Lymphatic drainage of trachea

A

Lymph drains into the pretracheal and paratracheal lymph nodes and deep cervical nodes

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5
Q

Innervation of trachea

A

Sensory nerve supply from vagi and recurrent laryngeal nerves
• Sympathetic nerves supply trachealis muscle

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6
Q

Movement of carina

A

During expiration, the bifurcation rises by about one vertebral level, and during deep inspiration may be lowered as far as the 6th thoracic vertebra.

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7
Q

Main bronchi

A

left and right main bronchi
• carina- sharp division between bronchi
• Right main bronchus more vertically disposed- 1-2.5cm long, related to right pulmonary artery
• Left main bronchus- 5cm long, related to aortic arch

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8
Q

Lobar bronchi

A

right- upper, middle, lower lobe
• Left- upper (and lingular), lower lobe

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9
Q

Segmental bronchi

A

10 per lung which each supply a segment
right:
• upper lobe- apical, anterior and posterior
• Middle lobe- medial and lateral
• Lower lobe- apical, anterior, posterior, medial and lateral
Left:
• upper lobe- apico-posterior and anterior
• Lingular- superior and inferior
• Lower lobe - apical, anterior, posterior an lateral

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10
Q

Bronchopulmonary segment

A

It is a subdivision of a lung lobe.
• It is pyramid shaped, with its apex toward the lung root.
• It is surrounded by connective tissue.
• It has a segmental bronchus, a segmental artery, lymph vessels, and autonomic nerves.
• The segmental vein lies in the connective tissue between adjacent bronchopulmonary segments.
• Because it is a structural unit, a diseased segment can be removed surgically.

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11
Q

Order of bronchi

A

Main bronchi → lobar bronchi → segmental branches → respiratory bronchioles → terminal bronchioles →alveolar ducts and alveoli

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12
Q

Bronchioles

A

no cartilage in their walls and are lined with columnar ciliated epithelium.
• The submucosa possesses a complete layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibres
• The bronchioles then divide and give rise to terminal bronchioles- which show delicate outpouchings from their walls- Gaseous exchange between blood and air
• diameter of a respiratory bronchiole is about 0.5 mm.
• The respiratory bronchioles end by branching into alveolar ducts, which lead into tubular passages with numerous thin-walled outpouchings called alveolar sacs

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13
Q

Acinus

A

Distal to the terminal bronchiole
• Alveoli more profuse with increasing generation of subdivision
• Ducts are short tubes with multiple alveoli
• Interconnection between alveoli exist (pores of Kohn)

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14
Q

Pores of Kohn

A

Interconnection between alveoli

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15
Q

Alveoli

A

• type I pneumocytes- pavement
• type II pneumocytes- surfactant producers
• Alveolar macrophage
• Basement membrane
• Interstitial tissue
• capillary endothelial cells

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16
Q

Oxygenation

A
  1. Alveolar epithelium
  2. Tissue interstitium
  3. Capillary endothelium
  4. Plasma layer
  5. Red cell membrane
  6. Red cell cytoplasm
  7. Hb binding forces
17
Q

How much alveolar ducts do each respiratory bronchiole divide into to

A

2 to 11

18
Q

Pleura

A

2 main layers of mesodermal origin
1. Visceral- applied to the lung surface
2. parietal- applied to the internal chest wall
• each a single cell layer
• Small amount of fluid between
• Continuous with each other at lung root
• Parietal pleura has pain sensation
• Visceral pleura has only autonomic Innervation

19
Q

Blood supply of lower respiratory tract

A

bronchial and pulmonary circulations

20
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

left and right pulmonary arteries run from right ventricle
• 17 orders of branching
• Elastic (>1mm) and non-elastic
• Muscular (<1mm)
• Arterioles (<0.1mm)
• Capillaries

21
Q

Segments in right upper lobe

A

Apical, anterior and posterior

22
Q

Segments in right middle lobe

A

Medial and lateral

23
Q

Segments in right lower lobe

A

Apical, anterior, posterior, medial and lateral

24
Q

Segments in left upper lobe

A

Apico-posterior and anterior

25
Q

Segments in left lingular

A

Superior and inferior

26
Q

Segments in left lower lobe

A

Apical, anterior, posterior and lateral

27
Q

Venous drainage of lower respiratory tract

A

Bronchial veins

28
Q

What do goblet cells secrete

A

Mucus

29
Q

Which cells secrete surfactant

A

Type II pneumocytes

30
Q

How many cell layers in air:blood barrier

A

2:
Type I pneumocytes
Vascular endothelium

31
Q

Thickness of air:blood barrier

A

600 nm

32
Q

Pores of Kohn

A

Holes in alveolar walls
Allow for equal inflation of the lungs
Enable macrophage movement
But allow infection to spread quickly

33
Q

Acinus

A

composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs. It is roughly spherical, resembling a bunch of grapes. Each respiratory bronchiole gives rise to several alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs, giving it the characteristic grape bunch appearance

34
Q

Thickness of blood:air barrier

A

200nm - 1um

35
Q

% of cell population that are type 1 pneumocytes

A

40%

36
Q

% of cell population that are type 2 pneumocytes

A

60%

37
Q

% of surface area that is type 1 pneumocytes

A

90%

38
Q

% of surface area that is type 2 pneumocytes

A

10%

CVR (22 decks)

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