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CVR > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

1st aortic arch

A

small part of maxillary

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2
Q

2nd aortic arch

A

artery to stapedius (small muscle located inside the middle ear)

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3
Q

3rd pair of aortic arches

A

Common carotid arteries

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4
Q

Right 4th aortic arch

A

Proximal part of right subclavian artery

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5
Q

Left 4th aortic arch

A

Arch of aorta

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6
Q

Right 6th aortic arch

A

Right pulmonary artery

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7
Q

Left 6th aortic arch

A

Left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

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8
Q

Right 7th segmental arch

A

Right subclavian artery

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9
Q

Left 7th segmental arch

A

Left subclavian artery

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10
Q

Right dorsal aorta

A

Regresses except for a portion that forms middle of the right subclavian artery

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11
Q

Left dorsal aorta

A

Descending thoracic aorta

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12
Q

Aortic sac

A

Ascending aorta and brachiocephalic artery

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13
Q

Gastrulation

A

mass movement and invagination of the blastula to form 3 layer- ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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14
Q

Which cell layer(s) make CVR system

A

most of cardiovascular system is derived from cells which were situated in the mesoderm (blood, heart, smooth muscle and endothelium)
• Some contribution from cardiac neural crest cells from the ectoderm (contributes to cardiac outflow and coronary arteries)

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15
Q

First heart field

A

Future left ventricle

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16
Q

Second heart field

A

outflow tract, future right ventricle and atria

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17
Q

When does development of cardiovascular system begin

A

Week 3

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18
Q

Stages of embryology of heart - formation of primitive heart tube

A
  1. Mesoderm cells travel through primitive streak to embryo’s head and form horseshoe-shaped area with 2 limbs (ie primary heart field)- cardiogenic region
  2. day 19-21: lateral folding: embryo folds into cylindrical shape as lateral borders meet at midline- 2 endocardial tubes fuse, forming primitive heart tube
  3. Craniocaudal folding positions in thoracic region
  4. Heart tube grows and develops bulges
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19
Q

Partition of the heart tube

A

• sinus venosus: left and right sinus horn bring in blood (superior vena cava) and part of right atrium
• Primitive atrium and primitive ventricle separated by atrioventricular sulcus
• Primitive atrium → left and right atria
• Primitive ventricle → left ventricle
• Bulbus cordis → right ventricle and outflow tracts for both ventricles (aorta and pulmonary trunk)

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20
Q

What happens day 22

A

Heart begins to beat

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21
Q

Looping of the heart

A

heart tube folds into C shape
• tube lengthens
• Walls thicken
• Sections move toward appropriate locations to continue development
• Bulbis cordis moves inferiorly, anteriorly and to the embryo’s right
• Primitive ventricle moves to embryo’s left side
• primitive atrium and sinus venosus move superiorly and posteriorly
• Sinus venosus is posterior to primitive atrium
• During development, the node secretes nodal, which circulates to the left due to ciliary movement
• A cascade of transcription factors (e.g. Lefty, Pitx2, Fog-1) transduce looping

22
Q

How does the Bulbus cordis move

A

inferiorly, anteriorly and to the embryo’s right

23
Q

How does the primitive ventricle move

A

moves to embryo’s left side

24
Q

Where does the primitive atrium and sinus venosus move to

A

move superiorly and posteriorly

Sinus venosus is posterior to primitive atrium

25
Q

Cardiac septation

A

atrium and ventricle connected by atrioventricular canal
• Blood first enter the atrium passes through the atrioventricular canal and into the ventricle. Exits the heart the the Truncus arteriosus
• Masses of tissue called endocardial cushions grow from the sides of the atrioventricular canal to partition it into 2 separate openings
• As the endocardial cushions grow together, the atrioventricular canal also is repositioned to the right of the heart
• The superior and inferior endocardial cushions fuse, forming 2 separate openings- the left and right atrioventricular canals
• endocardial cells proliferate on ventricular side of each canal- form leaflets of mitral and tricuspid valves
• Canals now divided into atria and ventricles

26
Q

What does the sinus venosus become

A

left and right sinus horn bring in blood (superior vena cava) and part of right atrium

27
Q

What does the primitive atrium become

A

Left and right atria

28
Q

What does the primitive ventricle become

A

Left ventricle

29
Q

What does the Bulbus cordis become

A

right ventricle and outflow tracts for both ventricles (aorta and pulmonary trunk)

30
Q

Formation of blood islands

A

Day 17 extraembryonic mesoderm. Core of haemoblasts surrounded by endothelial cells

31
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

Day 18

angioblasts (from splanchnopleuric mesoderm) coalesce to form angioblastic cords throughout embryonic disc
• Vasculogenesis is added to by angiogenesis- driven by angiogenic growth factors and takes place via proliferation and sprouting

32
Q

What drives embryonic vessel development

A

• Angiogenic growth factors – vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin 1 & 2
• Repulsive signals – Plexin / semaphorin signalling, ephrin / Eph interactions
• Attractive signals- VEGF

33
Q

Fetal Heart shunts

A

bypassing pulmonary circulation- not require in utero
• Foramen Ovale - between atria
• Ductus Arteriosus - pulmonary artery to aorta

34
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood

35
Q

Umbilical artery

A

Carries deoxygenated blood

36
Q

Endocardial cushions

A

Masses of tissue called endocardial cushions grow from the sides of the atrioventricular canal to partition it into 2 separate openings
• As the endocardial cushions grow together, the atrioventricular canal also is repositioned to the right of the heart

37
Q

5th aortic arch

A

Regresses

38
Q

Extra-embryonic blood vessel formation
Day 17-21

A

Lateral plate mesoderm -> blood islands -> vasculogenesis

39
Q

Extra-embryonic blood vessel formation
Day 28

A

Angiogenesis - proliferation and sprouting -> mesodermal cells recruited for tunica, media and adventitia

40
Q

Ductus arteriosus becomes…

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

41
Q

Foramen ovale becomes …

A

Fossa oval is

42
Q

Down and forwards cardiac looping

A

23 days: bulbus cordis

43
Q

Up and back cardiac looping

A

24 days: primitive ventricle
35 days: primitive atrium and sinus venosus

44
Q

Left right axis determination

A

Nodes secrete nodal- circulates left due to ciliary movement

45
Q

What is the embryological derivative of the coronary sinus

A

Left horn of the sinus venosus

46
Q

What is the embryological derivative of the smooth part of the right atrium

A

Right horn of the sinus venosus

47
Q

What does the first heart field develop into

A

Left ventricle

48
Q

What does the second heart field develop into

A

Right ventricle
Atria
Outflow tracts

49
Q

Which part of the gastrula forms the CV system

A

Mesoderm

50
Q

Describe the process by which the first breath causes a transition from fetal circulation to post-natal circulation

A

Expands lungs causing pulmonary vasodilation
Reduces pulmonary pressure
Pulmonary shunt closes
Increases left atrial pressure
Foramen ovale closes

51
Q

A 23 year old man with Marfan’s syndrome is found to have a dilated aortic root. Which embryological structure gives rise to the aortic root?

A

Truncus arteriosus

CVR (22 decks)

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