structure of eukaryote cells

Question 1

What is the RER?

Answer 1

+ rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 2

structure and function of RER?

Answer 2

+ system of membranes that enclose a fluid-filled space
+ surface is covered in ribosomes
+ folds and processes proteins from the ribosomes

Question 3

what is the SER?

Answer 3

+ smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

structure and function of SER?

Answer 4

+ similar to RER
+ no ribosomes on surface
+ synthesises and processes lipids and carbohydrates

Question 5

structure and function of nucleus?

Answer 5

+ largest organelle
+ surrounded by a nuclear envelope that contains pores
+ pores allow substances (e.g RNA) to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm
+ contains chromosomes made from protein-bound linear DNA
+ contains nucleolus (makes ribosomes)
+ controls cells activity through transcription of DNA (to make proteins)

Question 6

structure and function of mitochondria?

Answer 6

+ contains a double membrane
+ inner membrane is folded to form cristae
+ inside the membrane is the matrix (contains enzymes involved in respiration)
+ own DNA, proteins and lipids
+ site of aerobic respiration (production of ATP)
+ large numbers found in active cells

Question 7

structure and function of cell membrane?

Answer 7

+ surface of animal cells ( and inside the cell wall of other cells)
+ consists of a bilayer of phospholipids
+ contains protein within it and on its surface (within= channel and carrier proteins) (surface= antigens and receptors)
+ regulates the movement of substances within the cell

Question 8

structure and function of golgi apparatus?

Answer 8

+ fluid-filled, flattened membrane sacs
+ processes and packages new lipids and proteins
+ vesicles often found at the end of the sacs store the lipids and proteins and transports them out of the cell surface membrane)
+ makes lysosomes

Question 9

structure and function of lysosomes?

Answer 9

+ small, round organelles surrounded by a membrane
+ no clear internal structure
+ a type of golgi vesicle
+ contain lysozymes (digestive enzymes)
+ enzymes need to be kept away from the cytoplasm, as they are used to digest invading cells/ break down worn out components

Question 10

structure and function of ribosomes?

Answer 10

+ smallest and most numerous of all organelles
+ either float free or are attached to the RER
+ made up of proteins and RNA
+ has no membrane
+ site of protein synthesis
+ 70s or 80s (depending on the cell its in)

Question 11

structure and function of chloroplast?

Answer 11

+ small, flattened structure found within plant and algal cells
+ contains a double membrane
+contains circular DNA and ribosomes
+stroma is an aqueous liquid found within these membranes (contains enzymes)
+ contains structures within thylakoids
+ these stack up to form grana
+ site of photosynthesis (occurs in the grana and the stroma)

Question 12

what is the grana?

Answer 12

+ grana are linked to eachother by a thin flat piece of membrane called a lamellae

Question 13

structure and function of cell wall?

Answer 13

+ rigid structure
+ surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi
+ made mainly of cellulose (plant and algae)
+ made of chitin in fungi
+ provides mechanical strength and prevent them from changing shape due to osmosis

Question 14

structure and function of the vacuole?

Answer 14

+ membrane bound organelles found within the cytoplasm of plant cells
+ the membrane is called the tonoplast
+ contains a weak solution of sugars and salts (cell soap)
+ help to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep it rigid
+ involved in isolating unwanted chemicals in the cell

Question 15

what is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 15

+ a cell that contains a nucleus
+ cell that has a membrane bound nucleus and chromosomes ( and other organelles)