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Biology A level > Mock Feedback > Flashcards

Mock Feedback Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen

A
  1. Polysaccharide/polymer of alpha glucose
  2. Joined by glycosidic bonds
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2
Q

Suggest how glycogen acts as a source of energy

A
  1. Hydrolysed to glucose
  2. Glucose used in respiration
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3
Q

Suggest and explain two ways the cell surface membranes of the cells lining the uterus may be adapted to allow rapid transport of nutrients

A
  1. Large number of protein carriers for active transport
  2. Large number of protein channels for facilitated diffusion
  3. Large number of protein (carriers/channels) for co transport
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4
Q

Describe two structural features of insoluble fibrous proteins

A
  1. Long straight chains of polypeptides
  2. High proportion of non-polar/small/ hydrophobic amino acids
  3. Parallel chains held with hydrogen bonds
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5
Q

Describe the secondary structure of a polypeptide

A
  1. Beta pleated/ alpha helix
  2. Held together by hydrogen bonds between amine and carboxylate group
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6
Q

Explain one precaution that should be taken when using a potometer

A
  1. Keep screw clip closed
  2. Prevents entry of water whilst measuring
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7
Q

Describe how new xylem cells are produced

A
  1. Produced in meristems
  2. Through differentiation from stem cells
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8
Q

Explain the role of the heart in the formation of tissue fluid

A
  1. Contraction of left ventricle produces high hydrostatic pressure
  2. This forces water out of blood capillaries
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9
Q

Suggest how a blockage in the lymphatic system could cause lymphoedema

A

Excess tissue fluid builds up

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10
Q

Explain how the structure of phospholipid molecules allows for the formation of plasma membranes

A
  1. Phosphate head is hydrophilic
  2. Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
  3. Heads orientate towards water / tails orientate towards other fatty acids
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11
Q

Suggest and explain why a low pH might cause the red pigment to leak out the beetroot cells

A
  1. Denatures membrane proteins
  2. Therefore membrane permeability is increased
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12
Q

Explain why the velocity of blood flow in the large arteries is slower than the velocity of blood flow in the aorta

A
  1. Blood in aorta is under higher pressure because has just even pumped out of left ventricle
  2. Aorta branches into many arteries
  3. The friction between blood and vessel slows the velocity down
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13
Q

Explain why the total surface area of the capillaries needs to be so high

A
  1. More plasma is able to leave
  2. Results in higher rate of diffusion
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14
Q

Describe how a test for reducing sugars is carried out

A
  1. Use Benedict’s reagent and heat
  2. Red/ green/ orange ppt
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15
Q

Describe how the process of meiosis results in haploid cells

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Two divisions
  3. Separates homologous chromosomes
  4. Separates sister chromatids
  5. Produces 4 haploid cells
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16
Q

Give two differences between genetic diversity and species richness

A
  1. Genetic diversity considers one species whereas species richness considers number of species
  2. Genetic diversity considers alleles whereas species richness is within a habitat
17
Q

Describe how species are grouped in a phylogenetic classification system

A

1.hierarchy with no overlapping
2. Grouped according to evolutionary relationships

18
Q

Describe the structure of DNA and the structure of a chromosome

A
  1. Polymer of nucleotides
  2. Nucleotide consists of deoxyribose, phosphate and nitrogenous base
  3. Strands held by hydrogen bonds
  4. Hydrogen bonds between adenine,thymine and cytosine , guanine
  5. DNA is associated with histones
  6. Chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at a centromere
19
Q

Mutation can result in an increase in genetic variation within a species. Describe and explain the other processes that result in increases in genetic variation within a species

A
  1. Independent segregation of homologous chromosomes
  2. Crossing over between homologous chromosomes
  3. Random fertilisation of gametes
  4. Produces new combinations of alleles
20
Q

Describe and explain a difference in the structure of pre-mRNA and mRNA

A
  1. mRNA fewer nucleotides
  2. Because of splicing
21
Q

Name two structures on a virus

A
  1. Attachment protein
  2. Capsid
22
Q

Describe how HIV is replicated

A
  1. Attachment proteins attach to receptors on helper T cell
  2. Nucleic acid enters cell
  3. Reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA
  4. Viral protein produced
  5. Virus assembled and released from cell
23
Q

Describe the role of lysosomes in digesting bacteria

A
  1. Fuse with vesicle
  2. Release hydrolytic enzymes
24
Q

Describe how a gene is a code for the production of a polypeptide

A
  1. Base sequence
  2. In triplets
  3. Determines order of amino acid sequence
25
Q

Describe how the structure of glycogen is related to its function

A
  1. Branched so compact
  2. Polymer of glucose so easily hydrolysed
  3. Branched so more ends for faster hydrolysis
  4. Glucose polymer so provides respiratory substrate for energy
  5. Insoluble so does not affect water potential
26
Q

Explain how water from tissue fluid is returned to the circulatory system

A
  1. Proteins remain
  2. Creates water potential gradient/reduces water potential
  3. Water moves to blood by osmosis
  4. Returns to blood by lymphatic system

Biology A level (21 decks)

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