3.3.2 Gas Exchange Flashcards
How does gas exchange in single celled organisms occur?
+ Oxygen is absorbed by diffusion across their body surface, carbon dioxide also diffuses across their body surface
+ small (large SA:V)
+ thin membrane only surrounding the entire organism
+ single celled organisms with an additional cell wall have walls that are permeable
What are the features of insects?
+ most are terrestrial
+ a problem for them is that water easily
evaporates from their body surface
+ however efficient gas exchange requires a thin,
permeable surface with a large area
+ have a small SA:V
What is the exoskeleton?
+ found in insects
+ composed of a hard fibrous material called
chitin (for protection)
+ covered by a lipid rich layer (to prevent water
loss)
What is the tracheae?
+internal network of tubes
+ supported by strengthened rings to prevent
them from collapsing
What are tracheoles?
+ smaller divisions from the trachea, which
extend throughout the body of the insect
+ tracheoles branch directly to the cells
What are air sacs?
+ temporary store of air within the insects body
(located at the end of the tracheoles)
What are spiracles?
+ tiny pores on the surface of the insects body
+ contain valves
Some smaller insects rely on simple diffusion of gases through the tracheal system. Why might this not be sufficient for larger insects?
+ longer diffusion distance
+ more active (require more energy)
+ therefore require more oxygen
How does gas exchange occur in insects?
- Valves in the spiracles open, to allow air to
enter into the trachea - From the trachea air is passed onto the
tracheoles ( thin walls) - From the tracheoles air is carried directly into t
the cells within the body of the insect
+ tracheoles also carry air into air sacs where it is
temporarily stored
What are the advantages of gas exchange in insects?
+ short diffusion pathway for gases (from air into
the respiring cells)
+ diffusion gradient maintained ( for both oxygen
and carbon dioxide)
What are the disadvantages of gas exchange in insects?
+ when spiracles are open, water can evaporate
from the insect causing it to dehydrate
+ relies on diffusion and for this to be effective
the pathway needs to be short
+ this limits the size that insects can get to
How do insects overcome these disadvantages in gas exchange?
+ for most of the time the spiracles are closed to
prevent water loss, only open to allow gas e
exchange
+ spiracles can be closed to conserve water in
hot conditions
+ in the mean time insects can use air stored
within their air sacs to require
+ being small has not hindered the survival of i
insects - they are the most successful
organisms on Earth
How do respiratory gases move in the tracheal system?
- Along a diffusion gradient:
+ low concentration of oxygen towards the end of the tracheoles
+ high concentration of oxygen outside of the insects body, in the atmosphere
+ oxygen diffuses along the trachea into the
tracheoles
+ opposite direction for carbon dioxide - Ventilation
+ rings of muscles within the insects body
contract and relax (rhythmic abdominal
movement) to allow mass movement of the air
in and out of the trachea
What happens when insects are rest?
+ water fills the end of the tracheoles
What happens when insects are flying?
- muscles cells respire anaerobically and
produce lactic acid - lowers the water potential in muscle cells
- water moves by osmosis from the tracheoles
into the muscles cells - this increases the exposed surface area to air
- as gases diffuse faster through air than water
this enables a greater volume of oxygen to be
supplied