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RW Dermatology > Structure & Function of Skin > Flashcards

Structure & Function of Skin Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the epidermis?

A

Stratified keratinising squamous epithelium

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2
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the epidermis?

A

Connective tissue

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3
Q

From which germ layer does the epidermis come from?

A

Ectoderm (which form a single layer periderm)

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4
Q

From which germ layer does the dermis come from?

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

In early foetal development, what has developed of the skin at 4 weeks, 16 weeks and 26 weeks?

A

4 weeks: 3 layers - Periderm, basal layer and dermis

16 weeks: Final layers have formed

26 weeks: Skin appendages develop

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6
Q

Blaschko’s Lines

A

Developmental growth pattern of skin (not following vessels, nerves or lymphatics)

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7
Q

What kind of epithelium is the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

Which type of cells make up the majority of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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9
Q

What are the epidermal skin layers?

A

1) Keratin layer
2) Granular layer
3) Prickle cell layer
4) Basal layer

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10
Q

Where do the keratinocytes come from?

A

Basement membrane then migrate

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11
Q

What are hallmarks of the granular layer?

A

Odland bodies

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12
Q

Which granules are found in the granular layer?

A

Keratohyalin granules containing filaggrin and involucrin proteins

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13
Q

Which cells make up the keratin layer (stratum corneum)?

A

Corneocytes - overlapping non-nucleated cell remnants (dead cells) connected by lipids (essentially a wax) forming an insoluble cornfield envelope

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14
Q

What is the function of keratinocytes?

A

Production of keratin in order to form a barrier against environmental damage by pathogens, heat and water loss

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15
Q

How do melanocytes create pigment in order to protect from UV?

A

Convert tyrosine to melanin which absorbs light.

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16
Q

What are melanosomes and how are they transferred?

A

Small sacs for melanin and transferred between adjacent keratinocytes via dendrites.

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17
Q

What is the function of Langerhans’s cells and where are they found?

A

Present at the prickle cell level in epidermis, as well as the dermis and lymph nodes.

They are involved in the skin immune system acting as antigen presenting cells

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18
Q

What is the function of Merkel cells and where are they found?

A

Mechanoreceptors found in the basal layer between keratinocytes and nerve fibres

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19
Q

What are hair follicles also known as?

A

Pilosebacous units (as they are always next to a sebaceous gland)

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20
Q

What are the 3 phases of growth in hair follicles?

A

1) Anlagen (growing)
2) Catalan (involuting)
3) Telogen (resting)

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21
Q

What is lanugo hair?

A

First hair produced by the follicles in utero at around 5 months. Very fine, sort and unpigmented

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22
Q

What is vellus hair?

A

Fine, short, light-colored or transluscent, and non-pigmented that develop from childhood and are found on most areas of the body.

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23
Q

What is terminal hair?

A

Thick, long, and dark hair which replaces vellus hair during puberty in response to androgens in certain parts of the body

24
Q

Telogen effluvium

A

When the telogen phase becomes synchronous and lots of hair enters the shedding phase at once

25
Q

What are the components of a pilosebacous unit?

A
26
Q

What are the components of a nail?

A
27
Q

What are the growth patterns of a nail?

A

Nail proliferates in the matrix then grows out and forms the layers of the nail plate

28
Q

What are the 2 layers of the derma-epidermal junction (DEJ)?

A

Lamina lucida and lamina densa

29
Q

What are the 2 main components of the dermis?

A

Fibroblasts and their elastic fibres (type I and III collagen), and ground substance

30
Q

What are the 3 types of glands found in the skin?

A

Sebaceous, apocrine and eccrine glands

31
Q

Which glands enlarge at puberty and are associated with acne?

A

Sebaceous glands

32
Q

What do sebaceous glands produce?

A

Sebum (squalene, wax extras, triglycerides and free fatty acids)

33
Q

What actually is acne?

A

A mixture of increased sebum, blocked ducts and bacterial activity

34
Q

Which glands are found in the axillae and perineum and are scent glands?

A

Apocrine

35
Q

Which glands have a sympathetic cholinergic nerve apply and are therefore association with mental, thermal and gustatory stimulation?

A

Eccrine

36
Q

What is the function of eccrine glands?

A

Cooling by evaporation and moistening palms and soles to increase grip

37
Q

Which glands are associated with androgens?

A

Sebaceous and apocrine

38
Q

What metabolism is the skin involved in?

A

Vit D metabolism (using UV) and thyroid hormone metabolism

39
Q

**Which 4 sensory receptors are found in the skin?

A

Merkel’s, Meissener’s, Ruffini’s and Pacinian (all the lads)

40
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis > Dermis > Superficial fascia > Deep fascia

41
Q

What are the components of the superficial fascia?

A

Loose connective tissue, fat and vessels

42
Q

What are the components of the deep fascia?

A

Dense connective tissue

43
Q

Fascia Lata

A

Flat sheet of dense connective tissue in the deep fascia surrounding muscles (forms the compartments)

44
Q

What is the series of arteries supplying the upper limb?

A

Subclavian > Axillary > Brachial > Radial and Ulnar > Superficial and deep palmar arch

45
Q

What does the ulnar a. go on to form?

A

The superficial palmar arch, which anastomoses with the radial a.

46
Q

What does the radial a. go on to form?

A

The deep palmar arch, which anastomoses with the ulnar a.

47
Q

Where do the veins in the hand tend to drain to?

A

The dorsal surface of the hand forming the dorsal venous network

48
Q

What is the venous drainage of the upper limb?

A
  • Superficial: Basilic and cephalic v. (joined by the median cubital v.)
  • Deep: Radial and ulnar > Brachial v.
  • The brachial and basilar then join > axillary (joined by the cephalic) > subclavian v.
49
Q

What is the arterial supply of the lower limb?

A
  • Femoral > Popliteal
    • > Anterior tibial: ( > dorsal pedis > arcuate a.)
    • > Posterior tibial (> fibular, medial plantar and lateral plantar > plantar arch)
50
Q

What is the venous drainage of the lower limb?

A

Small saphenous > popliteal > femoral and then joined by great saphenous > external iliac v.

51
Q

What kind of arteries are digital arteries, and what shouldn’t be given to these kind of arteries?

A

End arteries; adrenaline-containing local anaesthetics

52
Q

In the limbs, what do lymphatics generally follow?

A

Veins

53
Q

In the abdomen, what do lymphatics generally follow?

A

Arteries

54
Q

Langer’s Lines

A

Lines of tension in the skin (incisions should aim to follow these lines, and not cut across them)

55
Q

What is there epidermal basement membrane made of?

A

Laminin and Type IV collagen

56
Q

What is the embryogenesis of melanocytes?

A

Derive from the neural crest, then the melanoblasts migrate from the neural crest to skin, uveal tact and leptomeninges. When they settle in the skin they become melanocytes.

57
Q

Where do melanocytes originate from?

A

Neural crest (which is why they have similarities to neurons)

RW Dermatology (10 decks)

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