Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RW Dermatology > Skin Cancer > Flashcards

Skin Cancer Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the main types of skin cancer?

A

Melanoma and non-melanoma (Basal cell and squamous cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which cells and layers do non-melanoma cancers arise from?

A

Keratinocytes (in the basal layer for BCC, and supra basal layers for SCC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which cells and layer does melanoma arise from?

A

Melanocytes in the basal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most serious skin cancer?

A

Melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common skin cancer?

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does prognosis depend on?

A

Tumour depth (Breslow’s Depth) and ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A depth more than ? indicates poor prognosis, as likely to have spread?

A

4mm (and >1mm has an excellent prognosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ABCDE of skin cancer diagnosis

A

Asymmetry, Borders, Colour, Diameter and Evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ugly Duckling Sign

A

The observation that nevi in the same individual tend to resemble one another, and that malignant melanoma often deviates from this nevus pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind of cancer are rodent ulcers associated with?

A

Basal CC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

‘Non-pigmented pearly appearance with rolled edge’

A

Basal CC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

‘Hyperkeratotic (crusted) lump/ulcer on sun-damaged area of skin’

A

Squamous CC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Main examples of precursor lesions

A

Actinic keratoses and Bowen’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are main risk factor for skin cancer?

A

Sun exposure, skin type (I-III), genetic predisposition, immunosuppression, HPV infection, and other environmental carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which cancer tends to be associated with chronic, cumulative UV exposure?

A

Squamous CC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which cancer tends to be associated with intermittent, intense sunburn episodes?

A

Basal CC and melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)?

A

A very rare skin disorder where a person is highly photosensitive, has premature skin aging and is prone to developing skin cancers. This is caused by a cellular hypersensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light as a result of a defect in the DNA repair system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Naevoid Basal cell syndrome (Gorlin’s syndrome)?

A

Autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome due to mutation in PTCH 1 gene (a tumour suppressor). Results in multiple and early onset of BCC.

19
Q

What are the symptoms of Naevoid Basal Cell Syndrome?

A

• early onset/multiple BCCs • palmar pits • jaw cysts • calcification fax cerebri

20
Q

What is Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB)?

A

Rare inherited blistering disease where the site of blister formation is the lamina densa within the basement membrane zone and the upper dermis. “Butterfly babies”. - The main mutation is hereditary type VIII collagen deficiency

21
Q

‘Transplant hands’

A

People who have received a transplant are more likely to get SCC due to their immunosuppression. They have accelerated progression from AK to SCC. This commonly occurs on the hands

22
Q

What is the definition of cancer?

A

An accumulation of abnormal cells that multiply through uncontrolled cell division and spread to other parts of the body by invasion and/or distant metastasis via the blood and lymphatic system

23
Q

What is clonal evolution of cancer?

A

A series of mutations accumulating in successive generations of cells, resulting in cancer

24
Q

What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer cells, by definition?

A

1) Evading growth suppressors 2) Activating invasion and metastases 3) Enabling replicative immorality 4) Inducing angiogenesis 5) Resisting cell death 6) Sustaining proliferative signalling (plus 2 enabling and 2 emerging hallmarks)

25
Q

Oncogene

A

Over-active form of a gene that positively regulates cell division - Drives tumour formation when activity or copy number is increased (accelerator) eg. Ras

26
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

The normal, not yet mutated, form of an oncogene

27
Q

Tumour suppressor

A

Inactive or non-functional form of a gene that negatively regulates cell division - Prevents the formation of a tumour when functioning normally (brake) eg. p53

28
Q

True/False: Those with Crohn’s or UC have increased risk of melanoma

A

True, unknown whether it is the auto-immune condition itself of the immunosuppressant medication

29
Q

Out of UVA and UVB, which causes direct and indirect damage?

A

UVA - indirect oxidative damage and UVB - direct DNA damage

30
Q

What DNA damage is caused by UVB light, ie. what is the UV signature?

A

Pyramidine dimer - molecular lesions formed from thymine or cytosine bases in DNA via photochemical reactions. UV signature mutation is TT -> CC

31
Q

What are the 2 main UVB induced DNA lesions (pyramidine dimers)?

A

• Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) • Pyrimidine–pyrimidone (6–4) photo-products (6-4 PPs) - Both are formed by covalent bonding between adjacent pyrimidines on the same DNA strand

32
Q

What normally removes UV-induced lesions (CPDs and 6-4PPs)?

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)

33
Q

What indirect DNA damage does UVA cause?

A

Oxidation of DNA bases, especially deoxyguanosine to form 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine, which, if not removed, causes AT point mutations

34
Q

What normally removes UVA-induced 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine?

A

Base excision repair (BER)

35
Q

How does UV damage lead to immunosuppression?

A

• Depletion of Langerhans cells in the skin and reduced ability to present antigens • Generation of UV induced regulatory T (Treg) cells with immune suppressive activity • Secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines e.g. IL-10 by macrophages and keratinocytes

36
Q

Which mutation is associated with BCC development?

A

PTCH1 (same one associated with Basal Naevi Cell Syndrome) - this is a key component of the Hedgehog signalling pathway

37
Q

Which 2 genes are associated with familial melanoma?

A

CDKN2A (inactivating mutations allow cell divisionr in the presence of unprepared DNA) and CDK4 (accelerates the cell cycle)

38
Q

Which mutations are most commonly associated with melanomas?

A

Ras/Raf/MAPK

39
Q

Which drugs can be used melanomas involving a BRAF mutation?

A

Dabrafenib or vemurafenib

40
Q

What are the 3 main subtypes of basal cell carcinoma?

A

Nodular, superficial and Infiltrative

41
Q

Which type of cancer hardly ever metastasises?

A

Basal Cell Cancer

42
Q

What is Bowen’s Disease?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma in –situ (i.e. isolated to the epidermis. Appears as a scaly patch

43
Q

What is actinic keratosis?

A

A puckered, scaly spot found on sun-damaged skin. Common on scalp, face and hands. It is considered precancerous or an early form of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

44
Q

Erythroplasia of Queryat

A

Rare pre-cancerous disease of the outer skin layer (epidermis) of the penis. (Penile bowen’s). Associated with HPV

RW Dermatology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions