Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy/ physiology > Structure & function of nervous system > Flashcards

Structure & function of nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what do sensory nerves do?

A

allow us to sense our environment (internal environment like heartbeat, pain of muscles etc and also external environment like someone has touched us, a smell etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are special senses?

A

things like taste, touch, sight, hearing etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do motor functions do?

A

allows us to react & respond (can be voluntary or involuntary like glands or hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 2 ways the nervous system can be divided?

A
  • split down anatomically
  • also can be split functionally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the CNS?

A

central nervous system
= brain & spinal cord

brain & spinal cord = also called central controller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the PNS?

A

peripheral nervous system
= all other tissues not within CNS
= spinal nerves (connect spinal cord)
= cranial nerves (connect with brain)
= autonomic nerves (organs, smooth muscle, glands, visceral afferents, sympathetic nerves, parasympathetic nerves)
= wiring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does afferent mean?

A

fancy word for sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does efferent mean?

A

fancy word for motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is visceral afferent?

A

organ sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the structure of a neuron?

A

has main cell body with nucleus and dendrites and other long processes extending out body

cell body = have connections to other cell bodies, they send & receive electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are dendrites?

A

extensions that just receive signal and conduct them towards the body (increase surface area for reception)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the long processes coming off cell body of neuron?

A

nerve fibres/axons = send signal away from cell body

axons - can be up to metre long but can be in sequence & synapse so cover entire length of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the purpose of myelin sheath?

A

makes conduction easier & faster (cover lots of nerves but not all)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a collection of nerves called in the CNS?

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a collection of nerves called in the PNS?

A

ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are nerves made up of?

A

1 nerve is made up of bundles of axons or nerve fibres (axons & nerve fibres the same thing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do travelling bundles of axons leave original nerve?

A

they leave as branches at like limbs for example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is modality?

A

type of nerve fibre/axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are named nerves?

A

generally larger nerves supplying body wall, body cavities & organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 6 different modalities?

A
  1. somatic sensory function = carries sensory information from soma
  2. somatic motor function = nerve fibre from brain or spinal cord and tells muscle to contract
  3. special sensory function = carry special sensations back to spinal cord & brain
  4. visceral afferent function = carry sensory information back from organs
  5. sympathetic function = motor going to smooth muscles & cardiac muscles etc
  6. parasympathetic function = motor going to smooth muscles & cardiac muscles etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is soma?

A

body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is viscera?

A

organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what modality do nerves tend to have?

A

they tend to be mixed as nerves = bundles of axons (axons have different types) - some nerves have same function but unlikely

each axon carries 1 type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what direction to motor (efferent) nerves run?

A

action potential towards body wall, body cavity or organs

  • from CNS →PNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what direction to sensory (afferent) nerves run?

A

action potential towards brain

  • from PNS →CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is gyri?

A

singular = gyrus

  • it’s the ridge (bumps) of the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is sulci?

A

singular = sulcus

  • it’s the dips of the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how is the brain divided?

A

into same regions as bone above
- so occipital at back, temporal at sides, frontal at front and parietal on top towards back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a good trick for identifying anterior vs posterior of a brain?

A

look for temporal lobe as always points anteriorly (forward)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the trick for remembering modality of cranial nerves?

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

S= sensory
M = motor
B = both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve 1?

A
  • cranial nerve I
  • olfactory nerve (smell)
  • sensory (special)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve 2?

A
  • cranial nerve II
  • optic nerve (sight)
  • sensory (special)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve 3?

A
  • cranial nerve III
  • oculomotor nerve (motor)
  • motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve 4?

A
  • cranial nerve IV
  • trochlear nerve (moves 1 muscle of the eye)
  • motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve 5?

A
  • cranial nerve V
  • trigeminal nerve
  • both
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve 6?

A
  • cranial nerve VI
  • abducent nerve (abducts eye)
  • motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve 7?

A
  • cranial nerve VII
  • facial nerve (supplies muscle of facial expression)
  • both
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve 8?

A
  • cranial nerve VIII
  • vestibulocochlear nerve (hearing & balance)
  • sensory (special)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve 9?

A
  • cranial nerve IX
  • glossopharyngeal nerve (tongue & pharynx)
  • both
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve 10?

A
  • cranial nerve X
  • vagus nerve (what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve)
  • both
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve 11?

A
  • cranial nerve XI
  • spinal accessory nerve (comes by spine)
  • motor
43
Q

what is name, number (in roman numeral) and modality of cranial nerve 12?

A
  • cranial nerve XI
  • hypoglossal nerve (underneath the tongue)
  • motor
44
Q

when looking at underneath of brain - what is a way you can know which nerve is which?

A

go from 1 -12
- when you go anterior to posterior and medial to lateral

45
Q

what is the brain stem made up of?

A
  • mid brain (bump bit)
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
46
Q

what cranial nerves are in anterior cranial fossa?

A

only cranial nerve I

47
Q

what cranial nerves are found in middle cranial fossa?

A

CN II, III, IV, V (all 3 types of 5), VI

48
Q

what cranial nerves are found in posterior cranial fossa?

A

CN VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

49
Q

is sensory or motor nerve going into/out of cranial cavity?

A

sensory = into cranial cavity (cause needs to tell brain message)

motor = out cranial cavity (cause needs to action to muscle etc)

50
Q

what cranial nerve goes through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone?

A

cranial nerve I in anterior cranial fossa

51
Q

what cranial nerve comes through optic canal?

A

cranial nerve II (middle cranial fossa)

52
Q

what cranial nerves comes through superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III, IV, V1 (one of 3 cranial nerve 5) & VI
- middle cranial fossa
(3, 4, 5, 6)

53
Q

what cranial nerve comes through foramen rotundum?

A

cranial nerve V2 ( 2 out of 3 of cranial nerve 5)
- middle cranial fossa

54
Q

what cranial nerve comes through foramen ovale?

A

Cranial nerve V3 (3rd of the 3 cranial nerve 5)
- middle cranial fossa

55
Q

what cranial nerve comes through internal acoustic meatus?

A

cranial nerve VII & VIII
- posterior cranial fossa

56
Q

what cranial nerve comes through jugular foramen?

A

cranial nerve IX, X & XI
- posterior cranial fossa

57
Q

what cranial nerve comes through hypoglossal canal?

A

cranial nerve XII

58
Q

what comes through foramen magnum?

A

spinal cord

59
Q

what is spinal cord protected by?

A

vertebral canal

60
Q

what are 2 enlargements of spinal cord?

A
  • cervical
  • lumbasacral
    = enlarged as a lot of nerve tissue since control upper & lower limbs
61
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31 pairs
= spinal connects bilaterally with spinal nerves

62
Q

how many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8

63
Q

how many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12

64
Q

how many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5

65
Q

how many sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5

66
Q

how many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1

67
Q

when does spinal cord end?

A

at L1/L2 inter vertebral disc level

= called conus medullaris (looks like cone shape)

68
Q

how are spinal nerves named?

A

named according to vertebrae ABOVE it

EXCEPTION!! = in cervical region they’re named according to vertebrae BELOW it

69
Q

is adult vertebral column or adult spinal cord longer?

A

adult vertebral column is longer than the spinal cord (bony bits are longer than the spinal cord)

70
Q

what is cauda equina?

A

since bones are getting bigger and longer at end of vertebral column, nerves have to come down longer to get out at correct place →this means collection of nerves at end (also called horse tail)

71
Q

what is the only bit of nerve that is actually spinal nerve?

A

located only within the intervertebral foramina (in the little gap between inter vertebral foramen)

72
Q

what do spinal nerves supply?

A

the soma (body wall)

73
Q

what are rami?

A

what spinal nerves turn to to connect with structures of the soma

(away from spinal cord)

74
Q

what are roots & rootlets?

A

nerves that the spinal cord turns into when going into spinal cord

(towards spinal cord)

  • roots come together to make spinal cord
75
Q

out of posterior/anterior rami/roots which are biggest and why?

A

anterior rami = much bigger as do everything else, come all the way round and supply body wall

76
Q

what does each pair of spinal nerves supply?

A

just 1 strip stroma

77
Q

what does posterior rami supply?

A

supply small posterior strip

78
Q

what does anterior rami supply?

A

supply the remainder of the posterior part, the lateral and the anterior parts of the strips = supply all of the limbs

79
Q

what do dermatomes show?

A

shows strip that spinal nerves is supplying = area of skin supplied by both the anterior & posterior rami of spinal nerve

80
Q

what are the dermatomes i should know?

A

T4 = nipple

T10 = umbilicus

81
Q

what are plexuses?

A

= intertwining of nerves (only anterior rami are involved, posterior rami don’t participate in cervical plexuses)

82
Q

what are types of plexus and what do they supply?

A
  • cervical plexus, C1-4
    (posterior scalp, neck wall…and diaphragm)
  • brachial plexus, C5-T1
    (upper limb)
  • lumbar plexus, L1-4
    (lower limb)
  • sacral plexus, L5-S4
    (lower limb, gluteal region & perineum)

= intertwining of nerves

83
Q

what are senses sensed by mechanoreceptors?

A
  • coarse touch
  • fine touch
  • vibration
  • proprioception
84
Q

what are senses sensed by thermoreceptors?

A
  • temperature
85
Q

what are senses sensed by nociceptors?

A

pain

86
Q

what is somatic nervous system made up of?

A
  • soma (head & neck walls, chest wall, back, diaphragm, abdominal wall, pelvic wall, limbs)
  • structures (skin, fascia, skeletal muscle, skeleton, internal lining of body cavities)
87
Q

what type of pain would a patient describe for somatic pain?

A

sharp or stabbing - localised (would be able to say where)

88
Q

what is the general route of somatic sensation if sensory stimulation on thigh?

A
  • somatic sensory mechanoreceptors in L2 dermatome are stimulated
  • action potentials conducted along axons within the L2 anterior ramus
  • the same L2 axons weave their way through the lumbar plexus to the L2 spinal nerve
  • APs conducted via the same axons which pass through the dorsal (posterior) root ganglion, the dorsal (posterior) roots and dorsal (posterior) rootlets
  • APs arrive at the posterior horn of the L2 spinal cord segment
  • AP’s cross over the midline and then ascend towards the brain
89
Q

what is the general route of somatic sensation after sensory stimulation? (from brain -> action)

A
  • somatic motor axons cross over in brainstem then descend to the anterior horn
  • APs conducted along axons within anterior rootlets, then anterior roots, then into spinal nerves
  • APs conducted along axons in named nerves of lumbar plexus
  • Synapse onto skeletal muscle of lower limb
    • skeletal muscles contract and move the lower limb
90
Q

what happens in spinal reflexes?

A
  • reflex is extremely rapid
  • miss out pathway to brain
  • involuntary response

sensation travels through posterior root/rootlets but need to quick so we miss out connection to brain and there’s quick connection that goes to motor nerve for response

91
Q

what is included in autonomic nervous system?

A
  • viscera e.g. heart, lungs, kidney
  • glands e.g. muscous, sweat, salivatory
  • smooth & cardiac muscle
  • external lining of organs
92
Q

where is autonomic nervous system found?

A
  • internal organs in body cavities = chest cavity, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity
  • body wall organs = sweat glands, arrector smooth muscle, arterioles
93
Q

what sensations can be detected by autonomic nervous system?

A
  • touch, temperature, pain
  • ischaemic
  • colicky (comes & goes)
94
Q

what type of pain would patient describe if autonomic pain?

A

dull, achy, nauseating - poorly localised

95
Q

what dual motor control is involved in ANS?

A

many organs have both sympathetic & parasympathetic nerve supply

= both motor controls
= like accelerator or brake

96
Q

what are effects of sympathetic division? (7)

A

fight or flight response - supplies all internal organs, body wall organs, arterioles

pupils - dilate (so you can see clearly)

heart rate - increase (try to pump blood around body)

lungs - bronchioles dilate (more oxygen)

GI tract - motility reduced (don’t want to waste time digesting)

liver - released glucose (for energy)

adrenal gland - adrenalin

arterioles - dilate(muscles) or constrict (skin) →so skin feels cold and looks pale because want blood to go to muscles not skin

97
Q

what is sympathetic outflow?

A

thoratholumbar outflow (between T1&L2)

= control central in brain starts to provide sympathetic innervation →passes down spinal cord → only exits between T1-L2 →travels to sympathetic chain and can leave there and then get higher or lower →gets a ride with arteries (runs along surface to get to where it needs to go)

98
Q

sympathetic axon direction of travel?

A

leaves spinal cord in anterior rootlets or roots as sympathetic type of motor

99
Q

what are effects of parasympathetic division?

A

=rest & digest - often supplies same organs as sympathetic, doesn’t supply body wall organs or arterioles

Pupils - constrict

Heart - rate decreases

Lungs - bronchioles constrict

GI tract- motility is increased

Liver - glucose synthesis

Bladder – sphincter relaxes

100
Q

what is parasympathetic outflow?

A

= craniosacro

cranial nerves (3,7,9, 10 have parasympathetic innervation)

S2, S3, S4 - carry parasympathetic innervation

  • lots of ganglia in head
  • vagus nerve important for carrying parasympathetic innervation
101
Q

what does vagus nerve supply?

A

organs of the neck, chest and abdomen as far as the mid-gut

102
Q

what does parasympathetic ganglia in head supply?

A

to lacrimal gland and salivary glands

103
Q

what does sacral spinal nerves do in parasympathetic outflow?

A

‘carry’ parasympathetic axons to the hindgut, pelvis and perineum

anatomy/ physiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions