Bones

Question 1

what is endochondral ossification?

Answer 1

process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows & turns into bone (ossifies)

Question 2

what are examples of long bones?

Answer 2

humerus & femur

Question 3

what is section of bones?

Answer 3

epiphysis then epiphyseal growth plate then metaphysis at each end

diaphysis = middle shaft

Question 4

when does bone growth cease?

Answer 4

when growth plate of hyaline cartilage finally ossifies

Question 5

what is direction of bone growth?

Answer 5

epiphyseal growth plate grows in both direction - up to make epiphysis and down to make metaphysis & diaphysis

epiphyseal growth plate at each end so the ones growing join to make diaphysis

Question 6

what is outer cortex?

Answer 6

dense, strong, heavy outer layer of bone
= made of compact (cortical) bone

Question 7

what inner medulla?

Answer 7

inside bit of bone made of spongy (also called trabecullar/cancellous) bone

=porous, weaker, lighter (looks like inside of aero bar)

• the medulla may contain bone marrow (site of blood cell production)

Question 8

what bonees are bone marrow be found in?

Answer 8

-hip bone
- breast bone
- ribs
-vertebrae
- in cancellous bone at proximal ends of long bones

Question 9

what is periosteum?

Answer 9

sleeve around bone, covers all apart from articular cartilage
- it’s well vascularised and innervated so if torn a lot of pain is due to periosteum being torn

Question 10

how does bone get blood supply?

Answer 10

• vessels in periosteum supply outer layer of bone
• nutrient arteries & veins supply deeper spongy bone
• haversian canals

Question 11

where is hyaline cartilage in bone?

Answer 11

covering the epiphysis

Question 12

what factors can cause features on the bone that develop during bone growth?

Answer 12

• functional (genetic) = best shape for job
• adjacent structure applies force to developing bone like tendon or muscle that attches to bone and every time muscle moves it pulls on bone making a groove
• adjacent structure is developing at same time as bone like a hole in the bone

Question 13

what is the floor of cranial cavity divided into?

Answer 13

3 fossae:
anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa

Question 14

how are fossa created?

Answer 14

fossa are the spaces inside the skull and they’re made by development of different parts of brain moulding the floor

Question 15

what is the forminae?

Answer 15

forminae = singular foramen

• it’s the gap in middle of brain for cranial nerves & brains blood supply to pass through = called foramen magnum

Question 16

How do fractures heal?

Answer 16

• at first a callus of new bone surrounds the fracture line
• the callus then remodels to assume a more normal shape
• it then heals to from more or less a normal shape but we can sometimes still feel the bump

Question 17

what is the axial skeleton made up of?

Answer 17

bones of:
- skull
-neck (including cervical vertebrae & hyoid bone)
-trunk (chest, abdomen & back)

(central bones)

Question 18

what is apendicular skeleton made of?

Answer 18

bones of:
- pectoral girdle
- upper limbs
- pelvic girdle
- lower limbs
(all the outside bits)

Question 19

describe some of the bones of the head?

Answer 19

frontal bone (at front)

parietal bone - have L & R (sort of on top and over back a bit)

occipital bone (at back)

temporal bone (above and around ears at each side)

• sphenoid bone (small at front of side of head - makes bat looking shape from superior view)
• cribriform plate of ethmoid bone = small bone in middle of frontal bone from superior view

Question 20

describe some bones of the facial skeleton?

Answer 20

• nasal bone (bone of nose - R&L)
• zygomatic bone - R&L (like the side of your cheek bone)
• mandible - R&L (chin and below mouth bone)
• maxilla - R&L (forms upper jaw)

Question 21

what are the names of numbers of the spine vertebrae?

Answer 21

C1-7 = cervical
T1-12 = thoracic
L1-5 = lumbar
S1-5 = sacrum (5 segments)

4 coccygeal = 1coccyx at bottom

Question 22

what is pattern of size of vertebrae as you move down the spine?

Answer 22

from cervical → thoracic get bigger but then smaller towards sacrum/coccyx as the weight is going to legs

Question 23

what are the 2 types of curves in spine and what do they mean?

Answer 23

primary and secondary curvatures

primary = curve in shape like foetus (rounded back)
secondary = opposite way

• it’s normal to have both, 4 curves in adult (2 of each)

Question 24

describe (thinking like a superior view) of structure of a vertebrae?

Answer 24

1 spinous process sticking out (the bit you feel on your back)

an inferior & superior articular process on each side of spinous process also sticking same direction

transverse processes sticking laterally - have ligament, muscle & rib articulations

vertebral arch = consists of 2 pedicles and 2 lamina (pedicle at side + lamina going toward spinous process)

vertebral foramen = transmits & protects spinal cord

vertebral body = weight bearing

Question 25

where is intervertebral foramen and it’s function?

Answer 25

it’s formed between adjacent vertebrae (above & below)
- spinal nerves emerge through it

Question 26

where is facet joint and what’s it’s function?

Answer 26

between articular processes (short bits pointing same way as spinous process) of 2 adjacent vertebrae

very good nerve supply - affected by arthritis

Question 27

how does the appearance differ in cervical vertebrae? (key ones = 1,2,7)

Answer 27

C1 = called an atlas and doesn’t have body or spinous process

C2 = called an axis and has odontoid process (looks like spinous process but to do with movement of head) that projects superiorly from body

C7 = called vertebrae prominens and is the much bigger lump in neck due to bigger spinois process

*all 1-7 have foramen for passage of vertebral arteries

Question 28

what are true ribs?

Answer 28

ribs 1-7 = their costal cartilage attaches directly to sternum

Question 29

what are false ribs?

Answer 29

ribs 8-10 = attach to costal cartilage above which attach to sternum

Question 30

what are floating ribs?

Answer 30

ribs 11 & 12 = don’t have nay attachment to sternum

Question 31

why is rib 1 less likely to be fractured?

Answer 31

protected by clavicle

Question 32

what is danger of fractured rib?

Answer 32

sharp end has potential to pierce & damage soft tissues & organs lying deep to it

Question 33

what is pectoral grid made up of?

Answer 33

2 scapula & 2 clavicles

Question 34

what is pelvic girdle made up of?

Answer 34

2 hip bones & sacrum

Question 35

what is
a) upper limb
b) lower limb
made up of? (only 3 parts - not each bone)

Answer 35

a) arm then forearm then hand
b) thigh, leg, foot

Question 36

what are the bones of upper limb?

Answer 36

1 long bone of arm = humerus
2 long bones of forearm = radius (on outside) and ulna
hand = carpal bones (wrist), metacarpals (hand) and phalanges (fingers)

Question 37

what are the bones of lower limbs?

Answer 37

1 long bone of thigh = femur
2 long bones of leg = tibia & fibula (little fib)
foot = tarsal bones (midfoot), metarsals (forefoot), phalanges (toes)

Question 38

what is function of bones?

Answer 38

• Support & protection of the body organs
• Calcium metabolism
• Red blood cell formation
• Attachment for skeletal muscles

Question 39

what is function of cartilage?

Answer 39

located where mobility is required
at articulations (joints)
important as…
- Movement of the skeleton occurs at joints
- Skeletal muscles contract to move the bones, therefore without joints we couldn’t move

Question 40

what is feeling difference between cartilage & bone?

Answer 40

bone is hard, connective tissue and cartilage is less rigid (more bendy & flexible)