Structure, Function, and Genetics of Plants and Animals (20%) Flashcards by Brian P

Which of the following adaptations is more likely to be found in the leaves of desert plants than in those of plants that grow in moist regions?

(A) Stomata mostly on upper leaf surface 
(B) A thin, transparent cuticle 
(C) A smooth leaf surface free of hairs 
(D) A thickened epidermis and cuticle 
(E) A loosely packed mesophyll layer

(D) A thickened epidermis and cuticle

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If all the xylem from a section of tree trunk could be removed, which of the following would most likely happen first?

(A) Food could not pass from the leaves to the roots.
(B) The roots would be unable to transfer any stored food to the spring buds.
(C) The leaves would be unable to get any carbon dioxide.
(D) The roots would be unable to store food.
(E) The leaves would be unable to get sufficient water.

(E) The leaves would be unable to get sufficient water.

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A student placed a sprig of green water plant under a funnel in a glass vessel full of water and then placed a test tube full of water mouth-downward over the stem of the funnel. After the setup had been exposed to sunlight for several hours, the student tested a gas that had collected in the test tube and concluded that the plant had produced oxygen. The results of this experiment could have been interpreted more satisfactorily if

(A) the water had been tested for carbon dioxide
(B) only the leaves of the plant had been used
(C) air had been forced through the water
(D) the plant had not been exposed to sunlight
(E) a similar experiment had been set up without sunlight

(E) a similar experiment had been set up without sunlight

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As a direct result of photosynthesis, energy is stored in molecules of which of the following?

(A) RNA
(B) DNA
(C) C6H12O6 (glucose) 
(D) H2O
(E) CO2

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Carbohydrates are most commonly stored in plants in the form of

(A) starch
(B) cellulose 
(C) lactose 
(D) ribose 
(E) sucrose

(A) starch

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Most animals have symmetrical anatomy. What type of symmetry do humans have?

(A) radial 
(B) asymmetry 
(C) biradial 
(D) lateral 
(E) bilateral

(E) bilateral

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What type of muscle tissue controls voluntary movements?

(A) smooth 
(B) rough 
(C) skeletal 
(D) cardiac 
(E) none of the above

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Digestion of proteins in mammals begins in which of the following organs?

(A) Mouth 
(B) Stomach 
(C) Small intestine 
(D) Colon 
(E) Gallbladder

(B) Stomach

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A person whose gallbladder has been removed has a decreased ability to store bile and therefore to digest

(A) fats
(B) starches 
(C) sugars 
(D) proteins 
(E) vitamins

(A) fats

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Which of the following is true about vitamins?

(A) Vitamins are proteins.
(B) Vitamins cannot be digested.
(C) Animals need vitamins in large amounts.
(D) Animals synthesize the essential vitamins.
(E) Vitamins are required for certain chemical reactions.

(E) Vitamins are required for certain chemical reactions.

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Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney?

(A) Microvillus 
(B) Neuron 
(C) Capillary 
(D) Alveolus 
(E) Nephron

(E) Nephron

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In mammals, insulin is produced in which of the following structures?

(A) Pancreas 
(B) Liver 
(C) Salivary glands 
(D) Hypothalamus 
(E) Pituitary gland

(A) Pancreas

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Testosterone is a _________ hormone, so it goes through a _________ mechanism to elicit changes in cellular DNA.

(A) polar, mobile receptor mechanism
(B) non-polar, mobile receptor mechanism
(C) polar, membrane receptor mechanism
(D) non-polar, membrane receptor mechanism
(E) none of the above

(B) non-polar, mobile receptor mechanism

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In fruit flies, “straight wings” (S) is dominant over “curly wings” (s), and gray body color (G) is dominant over black body color (g). A straight-winged female with gray body color was mated with a straight-winged male with black body color and the following ratios of offspring resulted. The experiment was conducted at 25°C.

Ratio Phenotype
3/8 straight-winged; gray body color
3/8 straight-winged; black body color
1/8 curly-winged; gray body color
1/8 curly-winged; black body color

The data above suggest that the genotype of the male parent is

(A) SsGg 
(B) SSGg 
(C) ssgg 
(D) Ssgg
(E) ssGg

(D) Ssgg

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Ratio Phenotype
3/8 straight-winged; gray body color
3/8 straight-winged; black body color
1/8 curly-winged; gray body color
1/8 curly-winged; black body color

The data above suggest that the genotype of the offspring with curly wings and black body color is

(A) SsGg 
(B) SSGg 
(C) ssgg 
(D) Ssgg 
(E) ssGg

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A father will transmit the genes of his Y chromosome to

(A) one-half of his sons only 
(B) one-half of his daughters only 
(C) all of his sons only
(D) all of his daughters only 
(E) none of his sons

Reason: Females have XX chromosomes, and males have XY chromosomes.

Tip: Females are nurturers (hugs and kisses = XX), and males might ask why (Y) they have to hug (X).

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In many cultivated plants (such as oranges, bananas, and potatoes), favorable characteristics often are created by careful genetic crosses. Of the following, which would be the best way to maintain the traits of a new variety with favorable characteristics?

(A) Selfing individuals of this new variety (i.e., crossing the offspring of one parental plant)
(B) Artificially pollinating wild varieties with pollen from the new variety
(C) Artificially pollinating the new variety with pollen from wild varieties
(D) Crossing the new variety with a variety that was homozygous recessive for all traits of concern
(E) Vegetative reproduction of the new variety

(E) Vegetative reproduction of the new variety

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These types of plants are able to move water and nutrients throughout their structure with specialized tissues (xylem and phloem).

(A) Non-Vascular plants (bryophytes)
(B) Vascular plants (tracheophytes)

(B) Vascular plants (tracheophytes)

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These types of plants do not have tissue to move water and nutrients throughout their structure.

(A) Non-Vascular plants (bryophytes)
(B) Vascular plants (tracheophytes)

(A) Non-Vascular plants (bryophytes)

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What are the common methods for classification of plant species (usually based on their physical characteristics)?

(A) Vascular (tracheophytes) and non-vascular (bryophytes) plants
(B) Growing season (annuals, biennials, and perennials)
(C) Method of reproduction (angiosperms and gymnosperms)
(D) A and B only
(E) A, B, and C
(F) None of the above

(E) A, B, and C

Vascular plants (tracheophytes): Able to move water nutrients throughout their structure with specialized tissues (xylem and phloem).
Non-vascular plants (bryophytes): Do not have tissue to move water and nutrients throughout their structure.

A second method of classification is by growing season.
Annuals only survive a single growing season, while biennials have a life cycle that spans two growing seasons. Perennials continue to grow year after year.

Plants can also be classified by their method of reproduction. Plants that produce flowers are called angiosperms, while those that produce seeds without flowers are called gymnosperms.

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_____ cells do not have plastids or cell walls. Plastids contain chloroplasts, which is where photosynthesis takes place.

(A) Plant
(B) Animal
(C) None of the above

(B) Animal

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Adult animals are multicellular organisms with specialized tissues and organs (also a major difference from plants).

(A) True
(B) False

(A) True

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Animals are _____, they do not produce their own food.

(A) Homotrophic
(B) Autothrophic
(C) Heterotrophic
(D) Myotrophic

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In symmetrical anatomy, _____ symmetry is used to describe when all parts radiate from a central point.

(A) Bilateral symmetry
(B) Radial symmetry
(C) Lateral symmetry
(D) Longitude symmetry

(B) Radial symmetry

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This type of tissue contains a thin layer of cells. It lines your intestines, much of your organs, and makes up your skin. (A) Epithelial Tissue (B) Connective Tissue (C) Muscle Tissue (D) Bone Tissue

(A) Epithelial Tissue

This type of tissue connects bones and muscles and organs to each other. They provide structural support. (A) Epithelial Tissue (B) Connective Tissue (C) Muscle Tissue (D) Bone Tissue

(B) Connective Tissue

This type of tissue is either involuntary and voluntary. (A) Epithelial Tissue (B) Connective Tissue (C) Muscle Tissue (D) Bone Tissue

This type of tissue is part of the skeleton and helps to provide stability and support for internal organs as muscles move and pull on the bones. (A) Epithelial Tissue (B) Connective Tissue (C) Muscle Tissue (D) Bone Tissue

(D) Bone Tissue

This type of tissue provides cushioning at the joints and ends of bone, like in your knees and the tip of your nose. This helps to reduce friction as muscles pull and move bones. (A) Cartilage Tissue (B) Connective Tissue (C) Adipose Tissue (D) Nerve Tissue

(A) Cartilage Tissue

This type of tissue is used for fat storage, and provides cushioning around organs and insulation from extremes of temperature. (A) Cartilage Tissue (B) Connective Tissue (C) Adipose Tissue (D) Nerve Tissue

This type of tissue is in the brain and spinal cord, carries chemical and electrical impulses between the brain and the limbs and organs, and nerve tissue in the brain sustains mental activity. (A) Cartilage Tissue (B) Connective Tissue (C) Adipose Tissue (D) Nerve Tissue

(D) Nerve Tissue

This type of tissue is composed of white and red blood cells in plasma, carries O2 to cells, delivers nutrients and wastes, regulates body temperature, and plays an important role in wound healing and immunity. (A) Cartilage Tissue (B) Blood Tissue (C) Adipose Tissue (D) Nerve Tissue

(B) Blood Tissue

_____ are involved in blood clotting. (A) Platelets (B) Lymphocytes (C) Basophils (D) Erythrocytes

(A) Platelets

This system is the central processing plant for ingested food. Here, foods undergo catabolic processes to release the energy stored in chemical bonds. ``` (A) Digestive system (B) Respiratory system (C) Skeletal system (D) Nervous system (E) Circulatory system (F) Excretory system (G) Immune system ```

(A) Digestive system

This system is also known as the gas exchange system It is responsible for bringing in gases from the surroundings, like O2, while also expelling gases as waste products, like the CO2 you exhale. All living things require the ability to exchange gases with their environment. ``` (A) Digestive system (B) Respiratory system (C) Skeletal system (D) Nervous system (E) Circulatory system (F) Excretory system (G) Immune system ```

(B) Respiratory system

This system is the command center for an organism, and provides control over all bodily functions and actions, both voluntary and involuntary. ``` (A) Digestive system (B) Respiratory system (C) Skeletal system (D) Nervous system (E) Circulatory system (F) Excretory system (G) Immune system ```

(D) Nervous system

The nervous system is divided into two systems. The _____ Nervous System (brain and spinal cord), and the _____ Nervous System(sensory and motor nerves throughout the body). (A) Motor, Peripheral (B) Central, Motor (C) Temporal, Occipital (D) Central, Peripheral

(D) Central, Peripheral

_____ is the sense center in the brain – this controls when you smell something nice or something bad. ``` (A) Somatosensory cortex (B) Frontal lobe (C) Temporal lobe (D) Cerebellum (E) Olfactory bulb (F) Parietal lobe ```

(E) Olfactory bulb

This system is responsible for transport of nutrients, gases, and wastes to their destinations. It also plays an important role in homeostasis and regulation of body temperature and pH. This system is a closed-system – no body organs are bathed or floating in blood; it is closed off by either veins or arteries or capillaries. ``` (A) Digestive system (B) Respiratory system (C) Skeletal system (D) Nervous system (E) Circulatory system (F) Excretory system (G) Immune system ```

(E) Circulatory system

This system is the body's main defense from foreign substances or invaders, such as an allergen, bacteria, or virus. ``` (A) Digestive system (B) Respiratory system (C) Skeletal system (D) Nervous system (E) Circulatory system (F) Excretory system (G) Immune system ```

(G) Immune system

This system is the principal component of the immune system, and includes the lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils, is the principal component of the immune system. ``` (A) Digestive system (B) Respiratory system (C) Skeletal system (D) Nervous system (E) Circulatory system (F) Excretory system (G) Lymphatic system ```

(G) Lymphatic system

Lymph nodes function to produce lymphocytes, cells that work to protect the body from foreign invaders. What are the two types of lymphocytes? (A) A and B Cells (B) B and D Cells (C) B and T Cells (D) A and D Cells

These lymphocytes emerge from bone marrow mature and produce protective antibodies (antibody-mediated immune response). (A) A Cells (B) B Cells (C) G Cells (D) T Cells

(B) B Cells

These lymphocytes mature in the thymus and can directly destroy foreign invaders (cell-mediated immune response). (A) A Cells (B) B Cells (C) G Cells (D) T Cells

(D) T Cells

Life is only possible within a narrow range of conditions that include: ``` (A) pH (B) Temperature (C) Water balance (D) Glucose levels (E) All of the above (F) C and D only ```

(E) All of the above

Feedback control, which can be negative or positive, is the primary method by which homeostasis is maintained. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

Nonpolar molecules use this receptor mechanism to pass the lipid bilayer in order to interact with some sort of intracellular receptor. (A) Mobile receptor mechanism (B) Membrane receptor mechanism

(A) Mobile receptor mechanism

Polar molecules use this receptor mechanism to pass the lipid bilayer in order to interact with some sort of intracellular receptor. (A) Mobile receptor mechanism (B) Membrane receptor mechanism

(B) Membrane receptor mechanism

The lipid bilayer is (A) Polar (B) Nonpolar

(B) Nonpolar

Reproduction in multicellular organisms proceeds through the processes of (A) Zygotegenesis (B) Gametogenesis (C) Spermatogenesis (D) Oogenesis

(B) Gametogenesis

_____ are sex cells formed in the reproductive organs – sperm in males, and eggs in females. (A) Zygotes (B) Gametes

(B) Gametes

A _____ results from the fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell. (A) Gamete (B) Zygote

(B) Zygote

_____ is the process by which characteristics pass from one generation to the next. (A) Evolution (B) Inheritance (C) Genealogy (D) None of the above

(B) Inheritance

Each individual has _____ copies of a gene, which may be different from each other. (A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

(A) 2

A gene that masks the effect of another is referred to as (A) Recessive (B) Dominant

(B) Dominant

A gene that can have its effect masked by another is referred to as (A) Recessive (B) Dominant

(A) Recessive

Chromosomes carry genetic information. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

The same gene may have different forms, or _____. (A) Chromosomes (B) Alleles (C) Spindles (D) Genotypes

(B) Alleles

The combination of alleles that make a specific trait is the (A) Genotype (B) Phenotype

(A) Genotype

The expressed trait of alleles is the (A) Genotype (B) Phenotype

(B) Phenotype

A _____ is a method used to predict the phenotype of simple genetic crosses. A letter is assigned to each gene – capital letters are dominant traits and lower case is recessive. Knowing the genotype of both parents, we can predict the genotype and phenotype of the offspring. (A) Monohybrid Cross (B) Punnett square (C) Homozygous circle

(B) Punnett square

When alleles for a gene are the same in an individual (YY, or yy), the individual is _____ for that trait. (A) Homozygous (B) Heterozygous

(A) Homozygous

When alleles for a gene are different in an individual (Yy), the individual is _____ for that trait. (A) Homozygous (B) Heterozygous

(B) Heterozygous

In this law, traits are expressed from a pair of genes on homologous chromosomes. Each parent provides one chromosome from every pair of homologs, which randomly recombine during gamete formation. (A) The Law of Segregation (B) The Law of Dominance (C) The Law of Independent Assortment

(A) The Law of Segregation

In this law, one gene is usually dominant over the other gene. (A) The Law of Segregation (B) The Law of Dominance (C) The Law of Independent Assortment

(B) The Law of Dominance

In this law, most traits are independent of one another. (A) The Law of Segregation (B) The Law of Dominance (C) The Law of Independent Assortment

Traits exist that have no genes that are dominant, and the resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a mix of that of both parents. This occurs in the cross of white and red snapdragons. This is an example of (A) Complete dominance (B) Incomplete dominance

(B) Incomplete dominance

_____ only require one recessive gene to be expressed, so long as there is no dominant gene to mask it. (A) Polygenic traits (B) Sex-influenced traits

(B) Sex-influenced traits

_____ are those that arise from the expression of multiple sets of genes, and, as a result, are difficult to map or predict. Example traits are height and skin color in humans. (A) Polygenic traits (B) Sex-influenced traits

(A) Polygenic traits