Cellular and Molecular Biology (10%) Flashcards
The chief site of energy production in the cell
(A) Cell wall (B) Cell membrane (C) Nucleus (D) Mitochondrion (E) Ribosome
(D) Mitochondrion
The site of protein synthesis in the cell
(A) Cell wall (B) Cell membrane (C) Nucleus (D) Mitochondrion (E) Ribosome
(E) Ribosome
All living cells have which of the following structures?
(A) Endoplasmic reticulum (B) Nucleus (C) Plasma membrane (D) Cilia (E) Vacuole
(C) Plasma membrane
Which of the following is true about prokaryotic cells?
(A) They are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.
(B) Their DNA is single-stranded rather than double-stranded.
(C) They have a cell wall instead of a plasma membrane.
(D) Their chromosomes are typically circular rather than linear.
(E) They are multinucleated.
(D) Their chromosomes are typically circular rather than linear.
Which of the following is a type of transport across cell membranes that goes against a concentration gradient and requires an input of energy?
(A) passive diffusion (B) facilitated diffusion (C) active transport (D) osmosis (E) all of the above
(C) active transport
A photosynthetic eukaryotic cell typically contains
(A) chloroplasts only
(B) mitochondria only
(C) both chloroplasts and mitochondria
(D) either chloroplasts or mitochondria, but never both at once
(E) neither chloroplasts nor mitochondria
(C) both chloroplasts and mitochondria
What role does the enzyme DNA helicase play in DNA replication?
(A) builds new DNA strands (B) stabilizes template strand (C) creates a RNA copy of DNA (D) unwinds DNA double helix (E) creates protein coded from RNA
(D) unwinds DNA double helix
What is the correct order of the “central dogma” of biochemistry?
(A) transcription, translation, replication
(B) replication, transcription, translation
(C) translation, transcription, replication
(D) replication, translation, transcription
(E) none of the above
(B) replication, transcription, translation
Which of the following occurs during anaphase I of meiosis?
(A) The sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the spindle.
(B) The spindle apparatus forms.
(C) The nuclear envelope disintegrates.
(D) The centromeres replicate.
(E) The homologous pairs of chromosomes separate.
(E) The homologous pairs of chromosomes separate.
Enzymes are organic macromolecules that
(A) are synthesized in the nucleus
(B) are polymers of simple sugars
(C) function as catalysts in chemical reactions
(D) function as carriers of the genetic code
(E) are polymers of identical organic bases
(C) function as catalysts in chemical reactions
The smallest and most basic unit of most organisms is a
(A) Organ
(B) Liver
(C) Cell
(D) Hair
(C) Cell
This type of cell has no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is going to be a single circular chromosome and these are typically going to be unicellular organisms.
(A) Prokaryotic cells
(B) Eukaryotic cells
(A) Prokaryotic cells
This type of cell is found in plants, fungi, and animals. They are going to have a nucleus as well as a number of other membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is arranged into multiple chromosomes and this can encompass unicellular as well as multicellular organisms.
(A) Prokaryotic cells
(B) Eukaryotic cells
(B) Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic plant cells contain _____: where photosynthesis takes place.
(A) Cytoplasm
(B) Mitochondria
(C) Chloroplasts
(D) Nucleus
(C) Chloroplasts
This part of Eukaryotic cells metabolizes waste.
(A) Plasma membrane
(B) Vacuole
(C) Peroxisome
(D) Chromatin
(C) Peroxisome
This part of Eukaryotic cells is the membrane enclosing the nucleus. Protein-lined pores allow material to move in and out.
(A) Chromatin
(B) Nuclear envelope
(C) Nucleolus
(D) Golgi apparatus
(B) Nuclear envelope
This part of Eukaryotic cells is where ribosomes are formed.
(A) Chromatin
(B) Nuclear envelope
(C) Nucleolus
(D) Golgi apparatus
(C) Nucleolus
This part of Eukaryotic cells makes secretory and membrane proteins (in its rough section), and makes lipids (in its smooth section).
(A) Lysosome
(B) Cytoplasm
(C) Endoplasmic reticulum
(D) Vacuole
(C) Endoplasmic reticulum
This part of Eukaryotic cells digests food and waste materials.
(A) Lysosome
(B) Vacuole
(C) Chromatin
(D) Centrosome
(A) Lysosome
This part of Eukaryotic cells contains DNA plus associated proteins.
(A) Lysosome
(B) Vacuole
(C) Chromatin
(D) Centrosome
(C) Chromatin
This part of Eukaryotic plant cells is filled with cell sap that maintains pressure against the cell wall.
(A) Central Vacuole
(B) Cell wall
(C) Cytoskeleton
(D) Plastid
(A) Central Vacuole
This part of a Eukaryotic plant cell maintains the cell’s shape.
(A) Plasma membrane
(B) Cell wall
(C) Cytoskeleton
(D) Golgi apparatus
(B) Cell wall
This part of Eukaryotic cells modifies proteins.
(A) Plasma membrane
(B) Cell wall
(C) Cytoskeleton
(D) Golgi apparatus
(D) Golgi apparatus
The cell membrane separates the cell from its environment, allowing for the interior environment of the cell to be very different from the exterior.
The three basic components are: A lipid bilayer, proteins, and carbohydrates.
(A) True
(B) False
(A) True
Both prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane.
(A) True
(B) False
(A) True
Simple diffusion, osmosis, or facilitated diffusion are all examples of what type of transport across cell membranes?
(A) passive transport
(B) active transport
(C) plasma transport
(D) all of the above
(A) passive transport
_____ encompasses all types of energy transformation in cells; Photosynthesis, Respiration, Growth and Movement.
(A) Cellular metabolism
(B) active transport
(C) passive transport
(D) none of the above
(A) Cellular metabolism
What type of metabolic pathway involves small molecules being assembled into larger ones (energy required)?
(A) Anabolic
(B) Catabolic
(C) none of the above
(A) Anabolic
What type of metabolic pathway involves larger molecules being broken down into smaller ones (energy is released).
(A) Anabolic
(B) Catabolic
(C) none of the above
(B) Catabolic
This is the primary energy currency in biological systems.
A) ADP (Adenosine diphosphate
(B) ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
(B) ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
Photosynthesis takes place in cells with _____, a green pigment that can absorb light. Typically takes place in plants. Two phases; Light reaction and Dark reaction.
(A) Plasma membrane
(B) Cell wall
(C) Cytoskeleton
(D) Chlorophyll
(D) Chlorophyll
Respiration takes place in ALL CELLS. Glucose is broken down to release energy (glycolysis). The two types of glycolysis are:
(A) Anaerobic and Aerobic
(B) ATP and ADP
(C) Single and Double-Bond
(D) B and C only
(A) Anaerobic (no oxygen) and Aerobic (with oxygen)
A biopolymer that encodes all of the information needed to form a specific organism and produce proteins for functioning. Think of it as a blueprint for an organism, helping to produce the proteins for functioning.
(A) Primase
(B) Topoisomerase
(C) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
(D) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
(C) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
In DNA Replication, this gene expression stage within the “central dogma” of biochemistry, is when an RNA (ribonucleic acid) copy of the DNA is made. (DNA -> RNA)
(A) Replication
(B) Transcription
(C) Translation
(B) Transcription
In DNA Replication, this gene expression stage within the “central dogma” of biochemistry, is when the information contained in the RNA copy of the DNA is used to guide the creation of proteins. (RNA -> Protein)
(A) Replication
(B) Transcription
(C) Translation
(C) Translation
The _____ of molecular biology explains the flow of genetic information, from DNA to RNA, to make a functional product, a protein?.
(A) Replication
(B) Transcription
(C) Translation
(D) Central dogma
(D) Central dogma
The process by which the DNA instructions are converted into the functional product is called:
(A) Gene expression
(B) Cellular metabolism
(C) Transcription
(D) Translation
(A) Gene expression
The process of cellular reproduction, where a copy of the cell’s “blueprint” needs to be made and passed on.
(A) Cell metabolism
(B) Cell division
(C) Mitosis
(D) Meiosis
(B) Cell division
A sequence of events that ends with cell division and the creation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell.
(A) Cell metabolism
(B) Cell division
(C) Mitosis
(D) Meiosis
(C) Mitosis
Takes place in eukaryotes. It reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in 4 daughter cells (gametes) that are all genetically distinct from the parent cell as part of reproduction.
(A) Cell metabolism
(B) Cell division
(C) Mitosis
(D) Meiosis
(D) Meiosis
In this Mitosis phase, chromosomes condense and become visible. Spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes. Nuclear envelope breaks down. Nucleolus disappears.
(A) Prophase (B) Prometaphase (C) Metaphase (D) Anaphase (E) Telophase (F) Cytokinesis
(A) Prophase
In this Mitosis phase, chromosomes continue to condense. Kinetochores appear at the centromeres. Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores. Centrosomes move toward opposite poles.
(A) Prophase (B) Prometaphase (C) Metaphase (D) Anaphase (E) Telophase (F) Cytokinesis
(B) Prometaphase
In this Mitosis phase, the mitotic spindle is fully developed, centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell. Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate. Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles.
(A) Prophase (B) Prometaphase (C) Metaphase (D) Anaphase (E) Telophase (F) Cytokinesis
(C) Metaphase
In this Mitosis phase, cohesion proteins binding the sister chromatids together break down. Sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles. Non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthen, elongating the cell.
(A) Prophase (B) Prometaphase (C) Metaphase (D) Anaphase (E) Telophase (F) Cytokinesis
(D) Anaphase
In this Mitosis phase, chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense. Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle breaks down.
(A) Prophase (B) Prometaphase (C) Metaphase (D) Anaphase (E) Telophase (F) Cytokinesis
(E) Telophase
In this Mitosis phase, animal cells: a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells. Plant cells: a cell plate separates the daughter cells.
(A) Prophase (B) Prometaphase (C) Metaphase (D) Anaphase (E) Telophase (F) Cytokinesis
(F) Cytokinesis
This describes the process of making chemical compounds like proteins and DNA by living things. Through anabolic processes, small molecules and building blocks can get built up into larger functional systems.
(A) Enzymes
(B) Biosynthesis
(C) Mitosis
(D) Anaphase
(B) Biosynthesis
These are made primarily of protein and act as catalysts to help reactions take place in biological systems by lowering the activation energy, and therefore increasing the rate of reaction.
(A) Enzymes
(B) Lipids
(C) Liposomes
(D) Nuclei
(A) Enzymes
