STRUCTURE (FINALS) Flashcards
A RIGID HORIZONTAL STRUCTURAL
MEMBER DESIGNED TO CARRY AND
TRANSFER TRANSVERSE LOADS ACROSS
SPACE TO SUPPORTING ELEMENTS
BEAM
o (1 REACTION)
o ALLOWS LATERAL MOVEMENT
(EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION)
- ROLLER
o (2 REACTIONS)
o RESTRAINS TRANSLATION BUT
ALLOWS ROTATION (MOMENT)
PINNED
o (3 REACTIONS)
o RESTRAINS BOTH TRANSLATION
AND ROTATION (MOMENT)
FIXED (RIGID)
o IF THE EQUATIONS OF
EQUILIBRIUM ARE SUFFICIENT TO
ANALYZE A STRUCTURE
o If R = 3
DETERMINATE
o IF THE EQUATIONS OF
EQUILIBRIUM ARE NOT
SUFFICIENT TO ANALYZE A
STRUCTURE
o IF R > 3
o DEGREE = R - 3
INDETERMINATE
RESTS ON SIMPLE SUPPORTS AT
BOTH ENDS
SIMPLE
PROJECTING BEAM SUPPORTED
ONLY AT ONE FIXED END
CANTILEVER
BEAM EXTENDING BEYOND ONE
OF ITS SUPPORTS
OVERHANGING
A BEAM FIXED AT ONE END AND
THE OTHER END PLACED ON A
ROLLER SUPPORT
PROPPED
o FIXED AT BOTH ENDS
FIXED /RESTRAINED
o BEAM EXTENDING OVER MORE
THAN TWO SUPPORTS
CONTINUOUS
- DEFORMATION OF A BEAM EXPRESSED IN
TERMS OF ITS DEFLECTION FROM ITS ORIGINAL UNLOADED POSITION
ELASTIC CURVE
- GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF THE VARIATION IN MAGNITUDE OF THE EXTERNAL SHEARS PRESENT IN A STRUCTURE
SHEAR DIAGRAM
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF THE
VARIATION IN MAGNITUDE OF THE
BENDING MOMENT PRESENT IN A
STRUCTURE
MOMENT DIAGRAM
- A POINT OF ZERO MOMENT
- THE POINT AT WHICH A STRUCTURE
CHANGES CURVATURE AS IT DEFLECTS
INFLECTION POINT
- SLIGHT CONVEX CURVATURE
INTENTIONALLY BUILT TO COMPENSATE
FOR AN ANTICIPATED DEFLECTION
CAMBER
o STRESSES IN CONCRETE AND
STEEL REACH TO PERMISSIBLE
VALUES AT THE SAME TIME
o CONCRETE AND STEEL
THEORETICALLY FAIL AT THE
SAME TIME
BALANCED SECTION
o CONCRETE IS CRUSHED BEFORE
STEEL YIELDS
o SUDDEN FAILURE WITHOUT
WARNING
OVER REINFORCED SECTION
o STEEL YIELDS FIRST CAUSING THE
BEAM TO DEFLECT PRIOR TO
FAILURE
. UNDER REINFORCED SECTION
- A RIGID, FLAT STRUCTURAL ELEMENT CONSTRUCTED TO CREATE FLAT AND USEFUL SURFACES SUCH AS FLOORS,
ROOFS AND CEILINGS
SLAB
o SUPPORTED BY BEAMS ON 2
OPPOSITE SIDES TO CARRY THE
LOAD ALONG ONE DIRECTION
o LONGER SPAN (L) / SHORTER SPAN
(B) ≥ 2
ONE- WAY SLAB
o ONE WAY SLAB
o REDUCES THE SPAN BETWEEN
THE BANDS REDUCED THICKNESS
FOR THE SLAB
o BANDS HAVE SMALLER DEPTH
THAN BEAMS = MORE CLEAR
HEIGHT / REDUCED STOREY
HEIGHT
BANDED SLAB
o ONE WAY SLAB
o REINFORCEMENTS ARE
CONCENTRATED IN SPACED RIBS
OR JOISTS TO MAKE THE SLAB
THINNER AND LIGHTER
RIBBED SLAB
o ONE WAY SLAB
o THICKER SLABS THAT CAN SPAN
GREATER SPANS
o 4’ TO 6’ APART
WIDE-MODULE/ SKIP JOIST
o SUPPORTED BY BEAMS ON ALL 4
SIDES TO CARRY THE LOAD ALONG
BOTH DIRECTIONS
o LONGER SPAN (L) / SHORTER SPAN
(B) < 2
TWO WAY SLAB
o TWO WAY SLAB
o W/O BEAMS
o SLAB IS THICKENED TO RESIST
FORCES
FLAT SLAB
o FAILURE IN RC SLABS DUE TO SHEAR
CAUSED BY CONCENTRATED LOADS
PUNCHING SHEAR
o TWO-WAY RIBBED/JOIST SYSTEM
WAFFLE SLAB
o STRUCTURAL FRAME BASED ON THE GEOMETRIC RIGIDITY OF TRIANGLE AND COMPOSED OF LINEAR MEMBERS SUBJECT ONLY TO AXIAL TENSION OR
COMRPESSION
TRUSS
o TRUSS MADE 3-DIMENSIONAL
o BENDS ALONG BOTH OF ITS AXES
SPACE FRAME
o A FORM OF SPACE TRUSS CONSISTING
OF PERIMETER GRID FORMED BY
INTERSECTING THE DIAGONAL &
HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS
DIAGRID
o FOR DETERMINING MEMBER FORCES IN
A TRUSS BY CONSIDERING THE
EQUILIBRIUM OF THE VARIOUS JOINTS
METHODS OF JOINTS
o FOR DETERMINING MEMBER FORCES IN A TRUSS BY CONSIDERING THE EQUILIBRIUM OF ANY PORTION OF THE TRUSS ASSEMBLY
METHODS OF SECTIONS
o TYPICAL JOINTS USED TO
CONNECT PIECES OF MATERIAL
(E.G. NAILED CONNECTION IN
WOOD FRAME, MORTAR BETWEEN
MASONRY UNITS, WELDED
CONNECTION IN A STEEL FRAME)
o CAN BE MADE TO MOVE ONLY BY
OVERLOADING THE JOINT
NONMOVEMENT JOINTS
o HAS THE ABILITY TO ADJUST TO
EXPECTED AMOUNTS OF MOTION
WITHOUT DISTRESS
MOVEMENT JOINTS
o CREATED IN THE NORMAL
PROCESS OF ASSEMBLING A
BUILDING (E.G. SHINGLE ROOF
OVERLAPPING PATTERN ALLOWS
THERMAL / MOISTURE
MOVEMENT)
WORKING JOINTS
o SEPARATE STRUCTURAL FROM
NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS SO THAT THEY WILL ACT INDEPENDENTLY (E.G. SOFT SEALANT, SHELF ANGLE OR OPEN
JOINTS IN CLADDING)
STRUCTURE/ENCLOSURE JOINTS
o SEPARATE MATERIALS THAT MUST BE ABLE TO MOVE INDEPENDENTLY
WITHOUT INTERFERING WITH ONE
ANOTHER
ISOLATION JOINTS
PURPOSELY CREATED LINES OF
WEAKNESS ALONG WHICH CRACKING WILL OCCUR AS A SURFACE OF BRITTLE
MATERIAL SHRINKS (CONTRACTION)
CONTROL JOINTS
o DIVIDES A LARGE OR COMPLEX
BUILDING MASS INTO SMALLER
STRUCTURES THAT CAN MOVE
INDEPENDENTLY
BUILDING SEPARATION JOINTS
RELIEVES LARGE-SCALE EFFECTS OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION
VOLUME CHANGE JOINT
DESIGNED TO AVOID DISTRESS CAUSED BY DIFFERENT
RATES OF ANTICIPATED SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT JOINT
JOINT BETWEEN 2 SUCCESSIVE
PLACEMENTS OF CONCRETE, OFTEN KEYED OR DOWELED TO PROVIDE LATERAL STABILITY ACROSS THE JOINT
CONSTRUCTION JOINT
WEAKENED PLANES BETWEEN
HARDENED AND FRESH CONCRETE
DUE TO DELAY OR INTERRUPTION IN CONCRETING WORKS
COLD JOINT
o FOR DETERMINING THE CONSISTENCY
AND WORKABILITY OF THE CONCRETE
MIXTURE
o SHALL BE MADE AT THE
o TIME OF PLACEMENT, AS OFTEN AS
NECESSARY FOR CONTROL CHECKS
(ASTM C94)
SLUMP TEST
ONLY SLUMP THAT CAN BEMEASURED
TRUE SLUMP
o VERY LOW W – C RATIO
ZERO SLUMP
o VERY HIGH W-C RATIO
COLLAPSED SLUMP
o INCOMPLETE; FOR RETESTING
SHEAR SLUMP
o FOR DETERMINING THE STRENGTH OF A CONCRETE BATCH
o DURING THE DELIVERY OF
CONCRETE, CYLINDER SAMPLES (4” x 8” OR 6” x 12”) ARE TAKEN TO A
TESTING LABORATORY TO DETERMINE IF THE CURED CONCRETE MEETS THE
DESIRED STRENGTH
COMPRESSION TEST
o FOR ACCEPTANCE TESTING FOR
SPECIFIED STRENGTH
o FOR VERIFYING MIXTURE
PROPORTIONS FOR STRENGTH
o QUALITY CONTROL
STANDARD -CURED CYLINDERS
o FOR DETERMINING WHEN
STRUCTURE CAN BE PUT INTO
SERVICE
o COMPARING RESULTS WITH
STANDARD CURED CYLINDERS
o SCHEDULING REMOVAL OF
FORMS AND OR SHORING
FIELD – CURED CYLINDERS
o CONCRETE SAMPLE IS CUT FROM A HARDENED CONCRETE STRUCTURE
CORE TEST
