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NEUR 356 > Structure and Organization of the CNS > Flashcards

Structure and Organization of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Body plans affect:

A

CNS organization

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2
Q

Vertebrates share a common CNS structure:

A

Brain + spinal cord

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3
Q

From rostral to caudal, the brain consists of:

A

(1) Prosencephalon (forebrain)
(2) Mesencephalon (midbrain)
(3) Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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4
Q

The prosencephalon (forebrain) is the most __ part of the CNS:

A

rostral

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5
Q

The prosencephalon is divided into (2):

A

(1) Telencephalon
(2) Diencephalon

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6
Q

prosencephalon =

A

forebrain

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7
Q

telencephalon =

A

cerebrum = endbrain

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8
Q

The telencephalon (1/2 prosencephalon) is composed of:

A

the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei (basal ganglia : striatum + palladium)

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9
Q

basal ganglia composed of (2):

A

striatum and pallidum

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10
Q

The striatum is made up of:

A

The caudate nucleus and putamen

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11
Q

palladium is made up of:

A

internal/external globus pallidus

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12
Q

Diencephalon (1/2 prosencephalon)is composed of (2):

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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13
Q

Moving caudally, after the prosencephalon is the:

A

mesencephalon (midbrain)

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14
Q

The mesencephalon (midbrain) is divided into (2):

A

(1) tectum (dorsal: includes superior and inferior colliculi)
(2) tegmentum (ventral)

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15
Q

After the mesencephalon is the :

A

rhombencephalon (hindbrain_

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16
Q

Rhombencephalon =

A

hindbrain

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17
Q

The rhombencephalon (hindbrain) is divided into (2):

A

(1) Pons + cerebellum
(2) medulla oblongata

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18
Q

Caudal to the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) is:

A

the spinal cord

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19
Q

The vertebrate CNS plan remains SIMILAR ACROSS SPECIES but divisions vary in:

A

proportions

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20
Q

Navigating the brain in space: planes of section (3):

A

(1) Coronal
(2) Sagittal
(3) Horizontal / axial

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21
Q

Navigating the brain in space: directions / axes in space:

A

(1) Rostral/ caudal
(2) Medial / lateral
(3) Dorsal / ventral

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22
Q

CNS structure evolved progressively from:

A

simpler chordates to complex vertebrates

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23
Q

Early chordates had a __ , which in vertebrates is currently present only in early embryonic stages

A

NOTOCHORD

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24
Q

The notochord that is currently only present in early embryonic stages later forms :

A

the vertebral column

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25
Q

The 5 evolutionary steps of the vertebrate CNS: Step 1: Early chordates have simple neural tubes, at the rostral end of which evolved:

A

3 primary brain vesicles: Hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain

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26
Q

The 5 evolutionary steps of the vertebrate CNS: STEP 2: expansion of _, which permitted:

A

Expansion of hindbrain, permitting greater complexity of sensory inputs and motor outputs

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27
Q

The 5 evolutionary steps of the vertebrate CNS: Step 3:

A

First expansion of the forebrain, driven by the development of the olfactory system

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28
Q

5 evolutionary steps of the vertebrate CNS: Step 4

A

EXPANSION of the MIDBRAIN , driven by the DEVELOPMENT of the VISUAL and AUDITORY SYSTEMS on the sensory side, and the need to control head and eye movements in response to sensory stimulation on the motor side

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29
Q

5 evolutionary steps of the vertebrate CNS: STEP 5:

A

SECOND and THIRD expansions of the forebrain (in mammals, development of the neocortex), allowing for more sophisticated sensory and motor processing integrations. ** Different species exhibit varying degrees of forebrain and in particular neocortical expansion***

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30
Q

The CNS develops progressively from a:

A

single fertilized cell to complex structures

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31
Q

Three Primary Brain Vesicles:

A

(1) Forebrain (prosencephalon)
(2) Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
(3) Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

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32
Q

In humans, the growing __ takes a “C” shape

A

telencephalon

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33
Q

In humans, the growing telencephalon takes a “C” shape, and __ follow suit

A

subcortical structures:
Hippocampus
Lateral Ventricles
Caudate nucleus

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34
Q

Somatosensory Circuits:

A

Process sensory input (touch, pain, temperature)

35
Q

Hearing, Vision, and Olfaction Circuits:

A

Dedicated sensory pathways

36
Q

Motor Circuits:

A

Control voluntary and involuntary movement

37
Q

Cortical Functional Organization:

A

Higher-order processing and cognition

38
Q

Limbic Circuits:

A

Emotional processing and memory formation (includes hippocampus).

39
Q

Basal ganglia involved in (2):

A

movement regulation
precedural learning

40
Q

Hippocampus involved in:

A

memory formation and spatial navigation

41
Q

In the forebrain, basal ganglia comprises (3):

A

(1) caudate nucleus
(2) putamen
(3) globus pallidus

42
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

43
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

44
Q

Spinal cord functions as:

A

as the communication highway between the brain and the body

45
Q

Spinal cord organized into:

A

different levels with specific roles (motor control, sensory input, reflexes

46
Q

dura:

A

1/3 of the meninges: thick fibrous layer

47
Q

pia:

A

1/3 of the meninges:
innermost layer

48
Q

arachnoid:

A

1/3 of the meninges

49
Q

cerebrospinal fluid lies between which two meninges ?

A

between the arachnoid and pia

50
Q

Brodmann areas are

A

a historically important division of the cerebral cortex into distinct regions based on their cytoarchitecture or neurons’ arrangement and connections.

51
Q
  1. What is the most rostral portion of the CNS?
    a) Midbrain
    b) Hindbrain
    c) Endbrain (telencephalon in proencephalon)
    d) Tweenbrain
A

c) Endbrain (telencephalon in proencephalon)

52
Q
  1. The telencephalon includes which of the following structures?
    a) Thalamus and hypothalamus
    b) Cerebral cortex and basal ganglia
    c) Pons and medulla
    d) Spinal cord and brainstem
A

b) Cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

53
Q
  1. The vertebrate CNS follows a common basic plan but varies in:
    a) The presence of a spinal cord
    b) The proportions of major structures
    c) The existence of a diencephalon
    d) The number of sensory organs
A

b) The proportions of major structures

54
Q
  1. What are the primary planes of brain sectioning?
    a) Axial, diagonal, coronal
    b) Coronal, sagittal, horizontal
    c) Sagittal, tangential, frontal
    d) Transverse, coronal, medial
A

Coronal, sagittal, horizontal

55
Q
  1. During vertebrate CNS evolution, which brain region expanded the most in mammals?
    a) Medulla
    b) Hindbrain
    c) Neocortex
    d) Brainstem
A

c) Neocortex

56
Q
  1. Which of the following is true regarding CNS evolution?
    a) All vertebrates have an identical brain structure
    b) Brain structures expanded to different degrees in different species
    c) The neocortex is smallest in mammals
    d) The forebrain did not evolve in chordates
A

Brain structures expanded to different degrees in different species

57
Q
  1. What are the three primary brain vesicles that develop early in the embryo?

a) Prosencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
b) Hippocampus, basal ganglia, pons
c) Cerebrum, thalamus, cerebellum
d) Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

A

d) Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

58
Q
  1. In humans, telencephalic structures adopt a characteristic:

a) “C” shape
b) “L” shape
c) “O” shape
d) “S” shape

A

a) “C” shape

59
Q
  1. The central nervous system (CNS) arises from which embryonic layer?

a) Endoderm
b) Mesoderm
c) Ectoderm
d) Neuroderm

A

c) Ectoderm

60
Q
  1. Brodmann areas refer to:
    a) Specific cortical regions characterized by a uniform cytoarchitecture
    b) Segments of the spinal cord
    c) The meninges covering the brain
    d) The divisions of the ventricular system
A

a) Specific cortical regions characterized by a uniform cytoarchitecture

61
Q
  1. Which of the following circuits is primarily involved in emotional processing?

a) Somatosensory circuits
b) Motor circuits
c) Limbic circuits
d) Visual circuits

A

c) Limbic circuits

62
Q
  1. Which of the following structures is not part of the basal ganglia?

a) Caudate nucleus
b) Putamen
c) Hypothalamus
d) Globus pallidus

A

c) Hypothalamus

63
Q
  1. The meninges provide protection for the CNS. Which of the following is not a meningeal layer?
    a) Dura mater
    b) Pia mater
    c) Arachnoid mater
    d) Choroid plexus
A

d) Choroid plexus

64
Q
  1. What is the function of the ventricular system?

a) Neural signal transmission
b) Blood circulation in the brain
c) Production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
d) Memory storage

A

c) Production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

65
Q
  1. The spinal cord serves as:

a) A region dedicated to voluntary movement

b) A major communication pathway between the brain and the body

c) The primary site for processing vision

d) A structure only involved in reflexes

A

b) A major communication pathway between the brain and the body

66
Q
  1. In the rat brain, which view allows for the observation of brain structures in a side profile?
    a) Coronal view
    b) Horizontal view
    c) Sagittal view
    d) Transverse view
A

c) Sagittal view

67
Q
  1. The olfactory bulb is primarily responsible for processing:

a) Vision
b) Hearing
c) Smell
d) Motor coordination

68
Q
  1. The vertebrate CNS is structurally similar across species, but one key difference is:

a) Some vertebrates lack a cerebellum
b) The size and complexity of the cerebral cortex
c) The presence of a spinal cord in some species but not others
d) Only mammals have a diencephalon

A

b) The size and complexity of the cerebral cortex

69
Q
  1. Which of the following correctly describes the diencephalon?
    a) It includes the hippocampus and basal ganglia
    b) It consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus
    c) It is part of the hindbrain
    d) It is primarily responsible for voluntary movement
A

b) It consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus

70
Q
  1. Which structure is part of the telencephalon?
    a) Cerebellum
    b) Cerebral cortex
    c) Thalamus
    d) Superior colliculus
A

b) Cerebral cortex

71
Q
  1. The primary function of the basal ganglia is:
    a) Processing sensory input
    b) Regulating movement and motor learning
    c) Controlling body temperature
    d) Generating emotions
A

b) Regulating movement and motor learning

72
Q
  1. In early vertebrates, which brain structure underwent the first expansion?
    a) Hindbrain
    b) Midbrain
    c) Forebrain
    d) Spinal cord
A

a) Hindbrain

73
Q
  1. During CNS evolution, the expansion of the neocortex is most evident in:

a) Fish

b) Amphibians

c) Mammals

d) Reptiles

A

c) Mammals

74
Q
  1. Which of the following statements about early chordates is true?
    a) They had a fully developed vertebral column
    b) Their nervous system was organized into a simple neural tube
    c) They lacked a notochord
    d) They had a highly developed neocortex
A

b) Their nervous system was organized into a simple neural tube

75
Q
  1. In vertebrates, what is the function of the notochord during embryonic development?
    a) It serves as the precursor to the spinal cord
    b) It helps guide the development of the CNS
    c) It directly transforms into the brainstem
    d) It remains unchanged throughout life
A

b) It helps guide the development of the CNS

76
Q
  1. The tectum of the midbrain includes structures such as:
    a) the subthalamic nucleus
    b) the ventral tegmental area
    c) the hypothalamus
    d) the superior and inferior colliculi
A

d) the superior and inferior colliculi

77
Q
  1. The embryonic rhombencephalon gives rise to all of the following structures except:
    a) Medulla oblongata
    b) Cerebellum
    c) Pons
    d) Thalamus
A

d) Thalamus

78
Q
  1. Which of the following best describes the function of the thalamus?
    a) It serves as a sensory relay station to the cortex
    b) It controls voluntary movement
    c) It processes emotions and motivation
    d) It coordinates reflexes and balance
A

It serves as a sensory relay station to the cortex

79
Q
  1. The cerebellum is responsible for:

a) Regulating homeostasis
b) Controlling breathing and heart rate
c) sensory-motor integration, coordinating movements and balance
d) Processing olfactory signals

A

c) sensory-motor integration, coordinating movements and balance

80
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is false regarding cortical functional organization?

a) Different brain regions specialize in different functions
b) The prefrontal cortex is involved in decision-making
c) The motor cortex processes sensory input
d) The somatosensory cortex maps the body’s tactile information

A

c) The motor cortex processes sensory input

81
Q
  1. Which of the following brain structures is most directly associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production?
    a) Basal ganglia
    b) Meninges
    c) Choroid plexus
    d) Internal capsule
A

c) Choroid plexus

82
Q
  1. Which statement best describes the role of the meninges?
    a) They regulate neurotransmitter release
    b) They protect and cushion the brain and spinal cord
    c) They produce cerebrospinal fluid
    d) They directly control heart rate and breathing
A

b) They protect and cushion the brain and spinal cord

83
Q
  1. The internal capsule primarily contains:
    a) Sensory neurons
    b) Ascending and descending fiber tracts connecting the cortex and subcortical regions
    c) Fluid-filled ventricles
    d) The primary motor cortex
A

b) Ascending and descending fiber tracts connecting the cortex and subcortical regions

84
Q
  1. The spinal cord’s dorsal horns are associated with:
    a) afferent sensory inputs
    b) decision-making
    c) efferent motor outputs
    d) emotional regulation
A

a) afferent sensory inputs

NEUR 356 (9 decks)

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