Study Guide: Cells of the Nervous System

Question 1

Action Potential: Initiated at

Answer 1

at the axon hillock (or first node of Ranvier in the case of primary sensory neurons).

Question 2

1. Spinous Neurons: Have dendritic spines; through which they receive

Answer 2

excitatory synapses.

Question 3

Pyramidal neurons of the cortex are an example of:

Answer 3

spinous neurons

Question 4

2. Aspinous Neurons: Lack spines; often are:

Answer 4

inhibitory interneuron

Question 5

bipolar neurons are found in:

Answer 5

sensory organs

Question 6

Anaxonic neurons are found in:

Answer 6

retina and olfactory bulb

Question 7

Aspinous Neurons: Lack spines; often

Answer 7

inhibitory interneurons (but some inhibitory neurons can be spinous)

Question 8

bipolar neurons are found in sensory organs : more precisely in:

Answer 8

reteina and olfactory epithelium

Question 9

Anaxonic neurons communicate via:

Answer 9

graded potentials

Question 10

pseudounipolar neurons are found in

Answer 10

sensory ganglia

Question 11

Pseudounipolar neurons are found in sensory ganglia of:

Answer 11

Spinal and cranial nerves

Question 12

Anaxonic neurons lack a :

Answer 12

distinct axon

Question 13

Anaxonic neurons communicate via:

Answer 13

Graded potentials

Question 14

Anaxonic neurons are founf in the :

Answer 14

retina and olfactory bulb

Question 15

most common type of neuron in vertebrates?

Answer 15

multipolar neuron

Question 16

4 subtypes of multipolar neurons?

Answer 16

(1) Pyramidal cells
(2) Purkinje cells
(3) Granule Cells
(4) Stellate cells

Question 17

Pyramidal cells are located in what 3 brain regions:

Answer 17

cortex
hippocampus
amygdala

Question 18

Pyramidal cells are inhibitory/ excitatory?

Answer 18

Excitatory - Glutamate

Question 19

Purkinje cells are located where?

Answer 19

cerebellum

Question 20

purkinje cells are excitatory/ inhibitory?

Answer 20

inhibitory - GABAergic

Question 21

Granule cells are located in (2):

Answer 21

(1) Granular layer of CEREBELLUM
(2) DENTATE GYRUS of the hippocampus

Question 22

Stellate Cells are excitatory /inhibitory:

Answer 22

excitatory interneurons

Question 23

Chandelier cells : inhbitory or excitatory?

Answer 23

inhibitory - gabaergic

Question 24

CHANDELIER CELLS location in cortex:

Answer 24

layer II, III and V
2,3,5

Question 25

Interneurons are most numerous in:

Answer 25

CNS

Question 26

Interneurons can be:

Answer 26

local circuit neurons (short axons) or projections neurons (Long axons)

Question 27

What is an example of modulatory neurons?

Answer 27

Dopaminergic neurons

Question 28

Modulatory neurons:

Answer 28

Release NEUROMODULATORS that REGULATE neural activity without directly causing action potentials

Question 29

Local circuit neurons:

Answer 29

short axons

Question 30

Projection neurons:

Answer 30

long axons

Question 31

Cholinergic Neurons: found (2):

Answer 31

basal forebrain, brainstem

Question 32

*Dopaminergic Neurons found (2):

Answer 32

substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area

Question 33

Form blood-brain barrier

Answer 33

1. Astrocytes

Question 34

Maintain ion balance (K+ regulation)

Answer 34

1. Astrocytes

Question 35

o Act as immune cells in the brain. o Mediate inflammation and remove debris.

Answer 35

2. Microglia

Question 36

o Line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal. o Regulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow

Answer 36

3. Ependymal Cells

Question 37

o Oligodendrocytes:

Answer 37

CNS, can myelinate multiple axons.

Question 38

o Schwann Cells

Answer 38

: PNS, myelinates only one axon

Question 39

1. Multiple Sclerosis (MS):

Answer 39

o Autoimmune disease attacking CNS myelin. o Slows/stops nerve conduction

Question 40

2. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI):

Answer 40

o Diffuse axonal injury occurs in severe head trauma.

Question 41

Chandelier cells primarily target which part of the postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 41

Axon initial segment

Question 42

Golgi Type 1 neurons are characterized by:

Answer 42

long axons that connect different regions

Question 43

Golgi Type I neurons are characterized by:

Answer 43

Very long axons that connect different parts of the system

Question 44

Golgi Type II neurons:

Answer 44

Also known as microneurons, have only short axons or sometimes none

Question 45

Bipolar neurons are primarily found in which sensory system?

Answer 45

Olfactory and visual systems

Question 46

Pseudounipolar neurons are commonly found in:

Answer 46

Sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves

Question 47

Where are Purkinje neurons primarily found?

Answer 47

cerebellum

Question 48

whichh neurotransmitter is primarily used by puyramidal neurons?

Answer 48

Glutamate

Question 49

in which cortical layers are pyramidal neurons most commonly found?

Answer 49

Layers III and V

Question 50

STELLATE CELLS are primarily found in which cortical layer?

Answer 50

Layer 4 - IV