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Higher Biology > Structure And Function Of The Heart > Flashcards

Structure And Function Of The Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood expelled by each ventricle on contraction

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2
Q

What is the cardiac out put?

A

Volume of blood plumped through the ventricle per minute

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3
Q

What is the formula to finding the cardiac output?

A

Heart rate X Stroke volume

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4
Q

What is systole?

A

The chambers of the heart contract

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5
Q

What is diastole?

A

Chambers of the heart relax

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6
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

One complete sequence of filling and pumping blood

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7
Q

What creates the sound of a heartbeat?

A

The opening and closing of the valves

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8
Q

How do we hear a heart beats?

A

Through a stethoscope

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9
Q

What is the rate of contraction controlled by?

A

SAN or pace maker

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10
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Friction between blood and vessel walls

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11
Q

What increases blood pressure?

A

When the smooth muscle in the artery or artioles contract, the vessels constrict, increasing resistance = high BP

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12
Q

More space equals

A

Lower blood pressure

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13
Q

Less space equals

A

Higher blood pressure

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14
Q

What can cause arteries or arterioles to constrict?

A

Adrenaline, high salt intake, natural loss of elasticity due to age

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15
Q

What doe we use to measure blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

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16
Q

What is used to calculate the electrical impulses in the heart?

A

Electro diagram (ECG)

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17
Q

In ECG, P is?

A

Atrial systole

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18
Q

In ECG, qrs is?

A

Ventricular systole

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19
Q

In ECG, T is?

A

Ventricular repolarisation (recovery of the ventricle walls)

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20
Q

What does the sympathetic accelerator do?

A

SAN release noradrenaline

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21
Q

What do slowing parasympathetic nerves do?

A

They release acetylcholine

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22
Q

When does the sympathetic nervous system act on the adrenal glands?

A

If stresses or during exercise, causing the release of adrenaline

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23
Q

What regulates your heart?

A

Automatic hormones

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24
Q

What is the first reading in blood pressure?

A

When the cuff begins to deflate and blood starts to flow (systolic pressure)

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25
Q

When is the second reading taken in blood pressure?

A

When pressure falls to where no sound if heard in the artery and blood flows freely (diastolic pressure)

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26
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Hypertension is prolonged high blood pressure

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27
Q

What may hypertension cause?

A

Many diseases including Conakry heart disease

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28
Q

What is the circulatory system for?

A

Needed for the continuous exchange of materials for a multicellular organism

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29
Q

What is the smooth muscles job?

A

To contract or relax causing vasoconstriction or vasodilation to control blood flow

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30
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

When the smooth muscle constricts = small

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31
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

When the smooth muscle dilates =big

32
Q

How thick are capillary walls?

A

1 cell thick

33
Q

What do arteries have that veins and capillaries don’t?

A

Stretch and recoil
Pulse found
Smooth muscle contraction

34
Q

What do burns have that arteries and capillaries don’t?

A

Contains valves
Larger lumen
Needs action of muscle to keep blood flowing

35
Q

What do capillaries have that arteries and viens don’t?

A

Exchange of materials

One later, 1 cell thick

36
Q

What do arteries and veins have in common?

A

Endothelium surrounds lumen

3 layers: elastic vibes, muscle, endothelium

37
Q

What do arteries, viens and capillaries have in common?

A

They carry blood

38
Q

When is blood at high pressure?

A

When arriving from the arterides to the capillaries

39
Q

What causes plasma to be turned into tissue fluid?

A

The pressure difference causes much of the plasma in the blood to be forced through the thin walls into the fluid surrounding the cells. This is called pressure filtration

40
Q

What’s the difference between tissue fluid and plasma

A

Tissues fluid doesn’t contain protiens

41
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid of the blood

42
Q

What is diffusion?

A

High to a low concentration

43
Q

Where does dissoluble food molecules, dissolved oxygen and useful ions go?

A

They go down a concentration gradient to nearby cells. The cells then diffuse out carbon dioxide, metabolic waste substances into the tissue fluid ready for excretion

44
Q

Where does tissue fluid go?

A

Most of the tissue fluid returns to the plasma by osomosis

45
Q

Where does excess tissue fluid go?

A

It’s absorbed by thin walled lymphatic vessels which are found in connective tissue. When the tissue fluid enters the lymphatic vessels it’s now called lymph

46
Q

What is lymph?

A

Excess tissue fluid when it enters the lymphatic vessel

47
Q

What causes the flow of lymph

A

The vessels being periodically compressed when muscles contract

48
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Fatty material beneath the endothelium

49
Q

Atherosclerosis causes?

A

An atheroma

50
Q

What’s does an atheroma do?

A

As it grows the artery thickens and loses elasticity. Diameter of lumen becomes reduced and blood flow is restricted = high blood pressure

51
Q

Consequences of an atheroma?

A 
Root cause of coronary vascular diseases
Angina 
Heart attack 
Stroke
Peripheral vascular disease
52
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

It’s an atheroma living in the lining of an artery. It makes it uneven and distuvs the blood flow. It gradually gets bigger and may burst to damage the endothelium.

53
Q

What happens once a thrombus causes damage to the endothelium?

A

The damage releases clotting factors that activate the formation of a blood clot/ thrombus

54
Q

What does blood clotting do?

A

To reduce loss of blood from wounds

55
Q

What is blood clotting triggered by?

A

Damaged cells

56
Q

What is the blood clotting process

A

Prothrombin

Thrombin

Fibrogen

Fibrine

Fibrine forms mesh work that clots blood

57
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel

58
Q

What is an embolism?

A

A thrombus which has broken loose and is travelling through the blood stream until it blocks a blood vessel

59
Q

A thrombus in the artery…

A

May lead to a stroke

60
Q

What happens to cells deprived of oxygen?

A

Leads to the death of tissues

61
Q

What’s the posh word for heart attack?

A

Myocardial infarction

62
Q

What’s an atheroma?

A

Fatty material beneath the endothelium

63
Q

What’s atherosclerosis?

A

Formation of atheroma

64
Q

What’s a thrombus?

A

Blood clot in a blood vessel

65
Q

What’s thrombosis?

A

Formation of blood clot

66
Q

What’s embosus?

A

Thrombus which has broken loose

67
Q

What’s embolism?

A

Embolus blocks a blood vessel

68
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

A

The narrowing of the arteries due to atherosclerosis

69
Q

Where is PVD most common?

A

In the legs

70
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

A thrombus in a major vein

71
Q

Where is DVT most common?

A

In the leg after a long period of inactivity

72
Q

What would happen if thrombus broke off and went into the lungs?

A

Would result in a pulmonary embolism

73
Q

What is LDL?

A

BAD cholesterol. Carries most of blood cholesterol

74
Q

What is HDL?

A

GOOD cholesterol. Carries the rest of blood cholesterol

75
Q

What reduces the chance of atherosclerosis?

A

A higher ratio of HDL to LDL to result in lower cholesterol

76
Q

What are the treatments to higher ratio of LDL to HDL?

A

Dieters changes to replace saturated with unsaturated fats

Regular exercise

77
Q

What do statins do?

A

They inhibit the enzyme which creates cholesterol.

Higher Biology (6 decks)

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