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MICROPARA LEC > STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL > Flashcards

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL Flashcards

Lesson 3

1
Q

building blocks of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotide

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2
Q

the inherited genetic material inside each cell

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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3
Q

______ acid; relays instructions from the genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acidS

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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4
Q

a segment of a DNA (or RNA) molecule that determines the traits and control protein synthesis; discrete unit of heredity

A

Gene

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5
Q

total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism

A

Genome

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6
Q

the science of heredity

A

Genetics

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7
Q

the sequencing and molecular characterization of genomes

A

Genomics

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8
Q
  • Bacteria have a single circular chromosome consisting of a single
    circular molecule of DNA with associated proteins.
  • contains genes and noncoding regions called short tandem
    repeats (STRs)
A

DNA and Chromosome

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9
Q

– genetic makeup

A

Genotype

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10
Q

– manifestation of a genotype

A

Phenotype

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11
Q

Genetic information is used within a cell to produce the proteins needed for the cell to function.

A

EXPRESSION

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12
Q

Genetic information can be transferred horizontally between cells of the same generation

A

RECOMBINATION

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13
Q

Genetic information can be transferred vertically to the next generation of cells

A

REPLICATION

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14
Q
  • one “parental” double-stranded DNA molecule is converted to two identical offspring molecules
A

DNA Replication

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15
Q

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

A

DNA Gyrase

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16
Q

Makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; Okazaki fragments and new segments in excision repair

A

DNA Ligase

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17
Q

Synthesize DNA; proofread and facilitate repair of DNA

A

DNA Polymerases

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18
Q

Cut DNA backbone in a strand of DNA; facilitate repair and insertions

A

Endonucleases

19
Q

Cut DNA from an exposed and of DNA, facilitate error

A

Exonucleases

20
Q

Unwinds double-stranded DNA

A

Helicase

21
Q

Adds methyl group to selected bases in newly made DNA

A

Methylase

22
Q

Uses visible light energy to separate UV-induced pyrimidine dimers

A

Photolyase

23
Q

An RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template

A

Primase

24
Q

RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together

A

Ribozyme

25
Q

Copies RNA from a DNA template

A

RNA Polymerase

26
Q

RNA-protein complex that removes introns and splices exons together

A

snRNP

27
Q

Relaxes supercoiling head of the replication fork; separates DNA circles at the end of DNA replication

A

Topoisomerase or Gyrase

28
Q

Cuts DNA backbone, leaving single-stranded “sticky ends”

A

Transposase

29
Q

Gene Expression: The Central Dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> PROTEIN

30
Q

synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template

A

Transcription

31
Q
  • protein synthesis
  • decoding the “language” of nucleic acids and converting it into the “language” of proteins
A

Translation

32
Q

a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a particular protein

A

Codon

33
Q

code for amino acids

A

Sense codons

34
Q

do not code for amino acids

A

Nonsense codons

35
Q

the set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein

A

Genetic code

36
Q

multiple codons encode for the same amino acid

A

Degenerate

37
Q

a single amino acid is indicated for each codon

A

Unambiguous

38
Q

reading of the genetic code during translation does not involve overlap of codons

A

Nonoverlapping

39
Q

there is no punctuation between codons and reading is continuous until a stop codon

A

Not punctuated

40
Q

used by all organisms (w/ some exceptions)

A

Universal

41
Q

Amino acid activation -> Chain initiation -> Chain elongation (repeated many times) -> Chain termination

A

TRANSLATION

42
Q

Stop Codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

43
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG

MICROPARA LEC (6 decks)

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