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MICROPARA LEC > INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY - Lesson 1 > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY - Lesson 1 Flashcards

Lesson 1

1
Q

the scientific study of microorganisms

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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2
Q

minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye

A

Microorganisms

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3
Q

Types of Microorganisms

A
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Algae
  • Viruses
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4
Q
  • aka microbiota
A

MICROBIOME

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5
Q
  • microbes that live stably in and on the human body
A

MICROBIOME

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6
Q

types of microbiota

A
  • normal microbiota– indefinitely colonize the body
  • transient microbiota– transiently colonize the body
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7
Q

Parts of a Prokaryotic Cell

A
  • Glycocalyx
  • Cell Appendages
    -* Flagella
    -* Axial filaments
    -* Fimbriae
    -* Pili
  • Cell Wall
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Inclusions
  • Nucleoid
  • Endospores
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8
Q
  • “sugar coat”
  • a viscous (sticky), gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall
A

Glycocalyx

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9
Q
  • composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both
  • made inside the cell and secreted to the cell surface
  • 2types
  • Capsule
  • Slime layer
A

Glycocalyx

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10
Q
  • contributes to bacterial virulence
  • protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis
A

Capsule

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11
Q
  • long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
A

Flagella

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12
Q

– movement of bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus
* Chemotaxis
* Phototaxis

A

Taxis

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13
Q
  • aka endoflagella
A

Axial Filaments

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14
Q
  • bundles of fibrils that spiral around the cell
  • structure for motility in spirochetes
A

Axial Filaments

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15
Q
  • arise and anchored at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath
  • similar structure to flagella
A

Axial Filaments

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16
Q
  • hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella
  • consist of a protein called pilin arranged helically around a central core
  • present in manyg(-)bacteria
A

Fimbriae and Pili

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17
Q
  • a few to several hundred per cell
  • adhere to surfaces
A

Fimbriae

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18
Q
  • longer and fewer than fimbriae (1-2/cell)
  • for motility and DNA transfer (e.g. sex pili in conjugation)
A

Pili

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19
Q
  • complex, semirigid structure

Functions:
* prevents bacterial cell rupture
* maintain shape of bacterium
* point of anchorage for flagella

A

Cell Wall

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20
Q
  • present in all bacteria, except Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
A

Cell Wall

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21
Q
  • contributes to the ability to cause disease
  • the site of action of some antibiotics
  • differentiates major types of bacteria based on composition
A

Cell Wall

22
Q
  • composed of peptidoglycan (aka
    murein) alone or in combination with
    other substances
  • repeating disaccharide: acetylglucosamine
    (NAG) acetylmuramicacid(NAM)
  • polypeptides
A

Cell Wall

23
Q
  • many layers of peptidoglycan, forming a thick, rigid structure
A

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

24
Q
  • one or very few layers of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane
A

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

25
Q

Contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Periplasmic Space

A

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

26
Q

lipids and carbohydrates

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

27
Q

– released when g(-) bacteria die; causes fever,
shock, blood clotting, dilation of blood vessels)

A

Lipid A (Endotoxin)

28
Q

structural function

A

Core polysaccharide

29
Q

functions as antigen
- *also present in Listeria monocytogenes (a gram-positive bacteria) but does
not function as endotoxin

A

O polysaccharide

30
Q

between inner membrane and outer
membrane

A

Periplasmic Space

31
Q
  • present in Mycobacterium and Nocardia
  • contains high concentrations (60%) of a hydrophobic waxy lipid
    (mycolic acid)
  • e.g., in Mycobacterium and Nocardia
A

Acid-Fast Cell Wall

32
Q
  • inside the cell wall and encloses the cytoplasm
  • consists mainly of phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids
  • lacks sterols, except Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
A

Plasma Membrane

33
Q
  • Structure: Fluid Mosaic Model
    -* Lipid Bilayer
    -* Membrane Proteins
  • Function: selective barrier
A

Plasma Membrane

34
Q
  • the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane
  • ≈80% H2O and contains primarily proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, lipids, ions, and many LMW compounds
  • contains the cytoskeleton, nucleoid, ribosomes, and cytoplasmic inclusions
A

Cytoplasm

35
Q
  • site of protein synthesis
  • gives the cell a granular appearance
  • consists of protein and rRNA
  • 2subunits (70s):
  • Large(50s)
  • Small(30s)
A

Ribosomes

36
Q

Inclusions

A
  • Metachromic granules –inorganic phosphate (polyphosphate) that can be used in the synthesis of ATP
  • Polysaccharide granules – glycogen and starch
  • Lipid inclusions – lipid
  • Sulfur granules – sulfur and S-containing compounds
  • Carboxysomes–ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
  • Gas vacuoles – hollow cavities
  • Magnetosomes–ferric oxide
37
Q
  • nonuclear envelope
  • contains asingle long, continuous, and circularly double-stranded
    DNAcalledthebacterial chromosome
      • nohistones
          • attached totheplasmamembrane
A

Nucleoid

38
Q
  • extrachromosomal DNA
  • small usually circular, double-stranded DNA
  • replicate independently from chromosome
  • notcrucial for survival but adds some advantages
A

Plasmid

39
Q
  • specialized“resting”cells
  • highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers
  • can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation
  • resistant to processes that kill vegetative cells (e.g. desiccation, chemicals, radiation, heating)
A

Endospores

40
Q
  • formedinternal to the cell membrane
  • contains high amounts of dipicolinic acid (DPA), and calcium
    ions
  • present in Clostridium and Bacillus
A

Endospores

41
Q
  • Sporulation/Sporogenesis– spore formation
  • Germination–return of endospore to vegetative state
A

Endospores

42
Q

The Three Domains of Life

A

Bacteria
Archeaa
Eukarya

43
Q

Five Kingdoms

A

Fungi
Plants
Animals
Protista
Monera

44
Q

Prokaryotes 2 types

A

Bacteria
Archaeabacteria

45
Q

– unicellular prokaryotes; have peptidoglycan cell walls; reproduce by binary fission

A

Bacteria

46
Q
  • live in extreme environments and carry
    out unusual metabolic processes; no peptidoglycan in cell walls
  • Methanogens– obligate anaerobes that produce CH4 from CO2 and H2
  • Extremehalophiles– requiremhigh concentrations of salt for survival
  • Hyperthermophiles–grow in extremely hot nenvironments
A

Archaeabacteria

47
Q

3 types of Eukaryotes

A

Fungi, Protists, Animal Parasites

48
Q

– may be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (moldsand mushrooms; form hyphae); have chitin cell walls; reproduce sexually (meiosis) or asexually (spores)

A

Fungi

49
Q

– eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals

  • Protozoa– unicellular nonphotosynthetic protists; reproduce sexually or asexually
  • Algae– unicellular photosynthetic protists; have cellulose cell walls; reproduce sexually and asexually
A

Protists

50
Q

–multicellular eukaryotes
* Flatworms
* Roundworms

A

Animal Parasites

51
Q
  • acellular obligatory intracellular parasites
  • Structure:
  • single type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA
  • protein coat (sometimes enclosed by an envelope) that surrounds
    the nucleic acid
  • multiply inside living cells by using the synthesizing machinery of
    the cell
A

Viruses

52
Q
  • infectious proteinaceous particle
A

Prions

MICROPARA LEC (6 decks)

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