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MICROPARA LEC > IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

the ability to ward off disease caused by microbes or their products and to protect against environmental agents

A

Immunity

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2
Q

lack of immunity

A

Susceptibility

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3
Q

response generated against a potential pathogen

A

Immune response

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4
Q

– Immediate
– Notlong-lasting
– Nonspecific
– Lacks immunologic memory
– First line of defense

A

Innate Immunity

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5
Q

– Responds rapidly to 2nd
exposure
– Specific
– Has immunologic memory
– Second line of defense

A

Adaptive Immunity

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6
Q

Types of Innate Immunity

A

■ Skin and Mucous membranes
■ Formed Elements in the Blood
■ Lymphatic System
■ Complement System
■ Inflammation and Fever
■ Interferons

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7
Q

Types of Skin and Mucous Membranes

A

■ Epidermis
■ Mucus in mucous membranes
■ Cilia in respiratory tract
■ Tears
■ Saliva
■ Flow of urine
■ Vaginal secretions
■ Defecation and vomiting
■ Sebum
■ Gastric acid
■ Lysozyme
■ Normal microbiota

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8
Q

Types of Formed Elements in the Blood

A

■ Erythrocytes/RBCs
■ Leukocytes/WBCs
■ Platelets

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9
Q

Myeloid stem cell (Granular leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

Erythrocyte
Megakaryocyte ->Platelets
Mast cell
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil

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10
Q

Lymphoid stem cell (angular leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

Monocyte -> Dendritic cell, Macrophage
T-cell
B-cell -> Plasma cell
Natural killer cell

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11
Q

Function: Phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils

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12
Q

Function: Production of histamine

A

Basophils

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13
Q

Function: Production of toxic proteins against certain parasites; some phagocytosis

A

Eosinophils

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14
Q

Function: Phagocytosis (when they mature into macrophages)

A

Monocytes

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15
Q

Functions: Phagocytosis and initiation of adequate immune responses

A

Dendritic cells

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16
Q

Function: destroy target cells by cytolysis and apoptosis

A

Lymphocytes- Natural Killer cells

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17
Q

ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a cell

A

Phagocytosis

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18
Q

– population of cells that descend from monocytes

A

Reticuloendothelial (Mononuclear Phagocytic) System

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19
Q

Types of Reticuloendothelial (Mononuclear Phagocytic) System

A

Fixed Macrophages/Histiocytes
Free/Wandering Macrophages

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20
Q

resident in certain tissues and organs of the body

A

Fixed Macrophages/Histiocytes

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21
Q

roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection/inflammation

A

Free/Wandering Macrophages

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22
Q

Types of Fixed Macrophages

A

■ Kupffer cells
■ Alveolar macrophages
■ Microglial cells
■ Langerhans Cells
■ Splenic macrophages
■ Peritoneal macrophages

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23
Q

consists of a fluid (lymph), vessels (lymphatic vessels), and structures and organs
containing lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphatic System

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24
Q

Types of Lymphatic System

A

Primary Lymphatic Organs
Secondary Lymphatic Organs

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25
Q

– where stem cells divide and become immuno competent
– e.g. bone marrow and thymus

A

Primary Lymphatic Organs

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26
Q

– where most immune responses occur
– e.g. lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix, MALT (mucosa
associated lymphoid tissue)
– contains large numbers of lymphocytes and phagocytes
– Lymph nodes–sites of activation of T cells and B cell

A

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

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27
Q

*consists of >30 proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the
blood and within tissues
– inactive precursors: C1 through C9; activate by splitting
– active fragments :with lower case letters

A

Complement System

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28
Q

■ complements cells of the immune system in destroying microbes
■ acts in a cascade

A

Complement System

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29
Q

3pathways:all end inactivation of C3

A

– Classical
– Alternative
– Lectin

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30
Q

Outcomes of Complement Activation

A

-Cytolysis
-Opsonization
-Inflammation

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31
Q

■ a nonspecific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage

A

Inflammation

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32
Q

5 cardinal signs and symptoms in inflammation:

A

– Pain
– Redness
– Loss of function
– Swelling
– Heat

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33
Q

Functions:
– to destroy/remove the injurious agent
– if destruction/removal is not possible, to limit the effects on the body by confining or walling it off
– to repair or replace damaged tissue

A

Inflammation

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34
Q

Steps in Inflammation

A

Steps
1. Vasodilation and Increased Permeability
2. Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis
3. Tissue Repair

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35
Q

Two types of Inflammation

A

Acute and Chronic

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36
Q

– develop rapidly and last for
a few days or weeks
– mild and self-limiting
– principal defensive cells: neutrophils

A

Acute Inflammation

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37
Q

– develop slowly and last up
to several months or years
– severe and progressive
– principal defensive cells: monocytes and
macrophages

A

Chronic Inflammation

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38
Q

abnormally high body temperature due to resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat

A

Fever

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39
Q

– LPS from g( ) bacteria triggers phagocytes to release cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α)

A

Fever

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40
Q

– Cytokines trigger hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamic thermostat.

A

Fever

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41
Q

■ intensifies the effect of interferons
■ may help tissue repair
■ IL-1 - helps step up T cell production

A

Fever

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42
Q

■ a family of cytokines
■ produced by fibroblasts, lymphocytes and macrophages
■ inhibit viral replication

A

Interferons (IFNs)

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43
Q

3 types in humans:

A

– alpha interferon (IFN-ɑ)
– beta interferon (IFN-β)
– gamma interferon (IFN-γ)

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44
Q

has ability to differentiate between normal “self” cells and “nonself”

A

Adaptive Immunity

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45
Q

distinguished from innate immunity by its specificity and memory

A

Adaptive Immunity

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46
Q

refers to a component of the adaptive immunity where B cells secrete antibodies, which circulate in the blood as a soluble protein

A

Humoral Immunity

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47
Q

refers to the other component of the adaptive immunity, which is mediated by the activated, antigen-specific T cells

A

Cell mediated immunity

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48
Q

mediated by b cells (also by T cells and macrophages)

A

Humoral Immunity

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49
Q

mediated by t cells (also by helper t cells, cytotoxic t cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages)

A

Cell mediated immunity

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50
Q

acts on extracellular microbes and their toxins

A

Humoral Immunity

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51
Q

acts on intracellular microbes such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites and tumor cells

A

Cell mediated immunity

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52
Q

involves BCR receptors

A

Humoral Immunity

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53
Q

Involves TCR receptors

A

Cell mediated immunity

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54
Q

Iga, IgB, CD40, CD21, and Fc receptors are the accessory receptors

A

Humoral Immunity

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55
Q

CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD28, and integrins are the accessory receptors

A

Cell mediated immunity

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56
Q

recognizes unprocessed antigens

A

Humoral Immunity

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57
Q

antigens are processed and presented by MHC complexes

A

Cell mediated immunity

58
Q

plasma b cells secrete antibodies

A

Humoral Immunity

59
Q

t cells secrete cytokines

A

Cell mediated immunity

60
Q

rapid

A

Humoral Immunity

61
Q

a delayed type hypersensitivity

A

Cell mediated immunity

62
Q

does not act on the tumor cells and transplants

A

Humoral Immunity

63
Q

acts on tumor cells and transplants

A

Cell mediated immunity

64
Q

the process by which a lymphocyte proliferates (divides) and differentiates (forms more highly specialized cells) in response to a specific antigen

A

Clonal Selection

65
Q

■ the formation of a clone of identical cells that can recognize the same specific antigen as the original lymphocyte
■ occurs in secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

Clonal Selection

66
Q

2 Types of Clonal Cells

A

Effector Cells and Memmory Cells

67
Q

– destroys or inactivates the antigen

A

Effector Cells

68
Q

types of effector cells

A

*active helper T cells
*active cytotoxic T cells
*plasma cells

69
Q

rapidly responds to the antigen during 2nd
exposure by rapid clonal selection

A

memory cells

70
Q

types of memory cell

A

*memory helper T cells
*memory cytotoxic T cells
*memory B cells

71
Q

substance recognized as foreign and provoke
immune responses; antibody generators

A

Antigen

72
Q

protein produced in response to an antigen

A

Antibody

73
Q

2 characteristics of Antigens

A

immunogenicity and reactivity

74
Q

ability to provoke an immune response by
stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation
of specific T cells, or both

A

immunogenicity

75
Q

ability of the antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it provoked

A

reactivity

76
Q

part of antigen that triggers immune responses and reacts with antibodies

A

epitope/antigenic determinant

77
Q

■ either proteins or polysaccharides
■ MW≥10,000Da
■ Haptens

A

Antigens

78
Q

LMW compounds that are antigenic when attached to a carrier molecule; has reactivity but no immunogenicity

A

Haptens

79
Q

MHC stands for?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

80
Q

■ a.k.a. human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
■ self antigens
■ transmembrane glycoproteins

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

81
Q

■ unique to an individual
■ present in all body cells except RBCs
■ help T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not self

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

82
Q

two types of MHC

A

MHC-I
MHC-II

83
Q

present in all body cells except red
blood cells

A

MHC-I

84
Q

present in antigen-presenting cells
(APCs)

A

MHC-II

85
Q

3 kinds of Cell-Mediated Immunity

A
  1. Processing of Antigens
    – Exogenous Antigens
    – Endogenous Antigens
  2. Activation of T Cells
    – Activation of Helper T Cells
    – Activation of Cytotoxic T Cells
  3. Elimination of Antigen
86
Q

■ presentinfluids outside body cells
■ e.g., bacteria and bacterial toxins, parasitic worms, inhaled pollen and
dust, and viruses outside cells
■ processed by APCs

A

Processing of Exogenous Antigens

87
Q

■ presentinside body cells
■ e.g., viral proteins produced after a virus infects the cell, toxins
produced from intracellular bacteria, or abnormal proteins
synthesized by a cancerous cell
■ processed by infected host cells

A

Processing of Endogenous Antigens

88
Q

Activation of T Cells

A

– 1st Signal: antigen-MHC complexes
– 2ndSignal: cytokines e.g., IL-2

89
Q

Cells Involved in Cell-Mediated Immunity

A

T helper cell (TH1, TH2, TH17)
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte
T regulatory cell (T reg)
Activated Macrophage
Natural Killer cell

90
Q

■ a subset of the helper T cells
■ carry an additional CD25 glycoprotein

A

Regulatory T Cell

91
Q

Functions:
– combat autoimmune reactions by suppressing T cells that do not
distinguish between self and others
– protect normal flora
– protect the fetus during pregnancy

A

Regulatory T Cell

92
Q

the immune system’s recognition of tumor antigens on cancer cells, and their destruction by cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, and NK cells

A

Immunological Surveillance

93
Q

4 Process of Humoral Immunity

A
  1. Processing of Exogenous Antigens
  2. Activation of B Cells
  3. Secretion of Antibodies
  4. Elimination of Antigen
94
Q

a.k.a. immunoglobulins (Igs)

A

Antibodies

95
Q

■ can combine specifically with the epitope on the antigen that triggered its production
■ belong to a group of glycoproteins called globulins

A

Antibodies

96
Q

4 polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds:

A

– 2heavy(H)chains–450AAs
– 2light(L) chains– 220Aas

97
Q

2 regions in Antibodies :

A

– Variable (V)regions– contains the antigen-binding site
– Constant(C)regions– same in Igs of the same class

98
Q

3 fragments in Antibodies:

A

– 2 Fab (fragment antigen-binding domain)– recognizes the antigen
– 1 Fc (fragment crystallizable domain)– binds to cell surface receptors

99
Q

-Monomer
-80%
-Loc: Blood, Lymph, intestine
-Enhances phagocytes; neutralizes toxins and viruses protects fetus and newborn

A

IgG

100
Q

-Pentamer
-6%
-Loc: Blood, lymph, B cell surface (as monomer)
-Especially effective against microorganisms and and agglutinating antigens; first antibodies produced in response to initial infection

A

IgM

101
Q

-Dimer
-13%
-Loc: Secretions
-Localized protection on mucosal surfaces

A

IgA

102
Q

-Monomer
-0.02%
-Loc: B cell surface, blood, lymph
-Serum function not known

A

IgD

103
Q

-Monomer
-0.002%
-Loc: Bound to mast and basophils throughout body, blood
-Allergic reactions

A

IgE

104
Q

due to the presence of long-lasting antibodies and very long-lived lymphocytes that
arise during clonal selection of antigen-stimulated B cells and T cells

A

Immunologic Memory

105
Q

Memory T/B cells and can proliferate and differentiate into helper T cells, cytotoxic T
cells, or plasma cells within hours.

A

Immunologic Memory

106
Q

can be measured by antibody titer - the amount of antibody in serum

– Primary response - After an initial contact with an antigen, a slow rise in the antibody titer occurs, first IgM and then IgG, followed by a gradual decline in antibody titer.

– Secondary response –After subsequent encounters, the antibody titer is far
greater than during a primary response and consists mainly of IgG antibodies.

A

Immunologic Memory

107
Q

basis for vaccines

A

Immunologic Memory

108
Q

refers to immunity, which results from the production of antibodies by the person’s own immune systems in response to a direct contact of an antigen

A

Active Immunity

109
Q

refers to a short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from the outside

A

Passive Immunity

110
Q

Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. Naturally acquired active immunity
  2. Naturally acquired passive immunity
  3. Artificially acquired active immunity
  4. Artificially acquired passive immunity
111
Q

a suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms used to induce immunity

A

Vaccines

112
Q

– he deliberately inoculated people with cowpox to prevent smallpox in 1978

A

Edward Jenner

113
Q

he coined the term vaccination (from L. vacca, meaning cow)

A

Louis Pasteur

114
Q

for individual and community protection

A

Vaccines

115
Q

– results when most of a population is immune to a disease
– outbreaks are limited to sporadic cases because there are not enough susceptible individuals to support the spread of
epidemics
– varies per disease

A

Herd Immunity

116
Q

Types of Vaccines

A

Live Attenuated Vaccines and
Inactivated Vaccines

117
Q

*living pathogen with reduced
virulence
*mimic actual infection (replicates
within the host)
*induce cellular and humoral
immunity
*lifelong immunity
*might mutate to a more
pathogenic form
*not for immunocompromised
people

A

Live Attenuated Vaccines

118
Q

*do not replicate
*induce humoral immunity
*require booster doses
*safer than live vaccines

A

Inactivated Vaccines

119
Q

8 Types of Inactivated Vaccines

A

Inactivated Killed Vaccines
Subunit vaccines
Toxoid vaccines
Polysaccharide Vaccines
Conjugated Vaccines
Nucleic Acid Vaccines
Viral Vector Vaccines
Virus-Like Particles

120
Q

whole microbes that have been killed, usually by formalin or phenol

A

Inactivated Killed Vaccines

121
Q

contain selected antigenic fragments

A

Subunit vaccines

122
Q

contain inactivated toxins produced by the pathogen

A

Toxoid vaccines

123
Q

contain molecules in a pathogen’s capsule

A

Polysaccharide Vaccines

124
Q

contain polysaccharides combined with proteins

A

Conjugated Vaccines

125
Q

contain DNA or mRNA that encodes for antigenic proteins

A

Nucleic Acid Vaccines

126
Q

uses a nonpathogenic viral vector to deliver genetic material that encodes for antigenic proteins

A

Viral Vector Vaccines

127
Q

contains viral proteins that mimic viral structure without genetic material

A

Virus-Like Particles

128
Q

3 Diagnosis Reactions

A

Precipitation Reactions
Agglutination Reactions
Neutralization Reactions

129
Q

involve the reaction of soluble antigens with
IgG or IgMantibodies

A

Precipitation Reactions

130
Q

involve either particulate antigens or
soluble antigens adhering to particles

A

Agglutination Reactions

131
Q

the presence of antibodies against a virus
can be detected by the antibodies’ ability to prevent cytopathic effects of viruses in cell cultures

A

Neutralization Reactions

132
Q

■ the most widely used of a group of tests known as enzyme immunoassay (EIA)

■ 2 methods:
– Direct ELISA – detects antigens
– Indirect ELISA – detects antibodies

A

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
(ELISA)

133
Q

■ an antigenic response that results in undesirable effects

■ represents immunological responses to an antigen (allergen) that lead to tissue damage rather than immunity

A

Hypersensitivity

134
Q

■ immune system acts in response to self-antigens and causes damage
to one’s own organs

■ more common in women

A

Autoimmune Diseases

135
Q

■ For T cells to function properly, they must have:– Self-recognition– Self-tolerance

■ Thymic selection– T cells that will target host cells are eliminated by clonal deletion in the thymus

■ Without self-tolerance, the body can produce autoantibodies or T cells that attack “self”.

A

Autoimmune Diseases

136
Q

Types of Reactions to Transplantation

A

Organ Transplant
Graft
Graft rejection
Histocompatibility
Tissue typing (histocompatibility testing)

137
Q

– involves replacement of an injured or diseased organ with an organ donated by another individual

A

Organ Transplant

138
Q

– the transfer of a tissue from one part of the body to another, or from one person to another, without the transfer of the blood
supply of the grafted tissue

– Autograft
– Isograft
– Allograf

A

Graft

139
Q

– recognition of transplanted organ as foreign and cell generation of cell mediated and antibody-mediated immune response
against it

A

Graft rejection

140
Q

– the tissue compatibility between the donor and the recipient; based on MHC

A

Histocompatibility

141
Q

– to reduce the risk of graft rejection

A

Tissue typing (histocompatibility testing)

MICROPARA LEC (6 decks)

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