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Dermatology > Structure and Function of Skin III > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Skin III Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What is the Dermo-Epidermal junction?

A

Interface between epidermis and dermis

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2
Q

What are the roles the Dermo-Epidermal junction plays in epithelial-mesenchymal interaction?

A

Support, anchorage, growth and differentiation of basal cells
Semi-permeable membrane acting as barrier and filter

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3
Q

Is the epidermis avascular?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What does failure of the Dermo-Epidermal junction cause?

A

Slipping and blistering of the skin (e.g Bullous pemphigoid, Epidermolysis bullosa)

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5
Q

What are the layers of the Dermo-Epidermal junction, from most to least superficial?

A

Basal cells, lamina lucida, lamina densa, sub-lamina densa zone

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6
Q

What is the electron density of the lamina lucida and the lamina densa?

A

The lamina lucida is electron sparse, the lamina densa is thicker and more electron dense

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7
Q

What cells are found in the dermis?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, Langerhans cells

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8
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A

Collagen and elastin (essentially fibres)

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9
Q

What are some structures found in the dermis?

A

Muscles, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves

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10
Q

What causes Bullous pemphigoid?

A

Antibodies attack and break down the Dermo-Epidermal junction (mostly seen in older patients)

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11
Q

What are some features of blood vessels in the skin?

A

Supply greater than metabolic needs, vessel walls well supported, horizontal plexuses

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12
Q

What is the direction of flow in blood vessels?

A

Arteriole, pre-capillary sphincter, arterial, venous capillaries, post capillary venules, collecting venules

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13
Q

What causes angioma (birthmarks)?

A

Excess vessels in the skin

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14
Q

How are the lymphatic vessels organised in the skin?

A

Sub-epidermal meshed networks

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15
Q

What is the direction of flow in lymphatics vessels?

A

From smaller non-contractile vessels to larger contractile lymphatic trunks

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16
Q

What do lymphatic vessels allow?

A

Continual drainage of plasma proteins, extravasated cells and excess interstitial fluid

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17
Q

How are lymphatic vessels involved in the immune system?

A

Immune surveillance by circulating lymphocytes and Langerhans cells, channelling of micro-organisms/toxins

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18
Q

How is chronic lymphoedema caused?

A

Damaged lymphatics (either by obesity or infection)

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19
Q

What are some features of somatic sensory nerves (dermatomes)?

A

Free nerve endings, special receptors

20
Q

What are the two kinds of special receptors in somatic sensory nerves?

A

Pacinian (for pressure) and Meisoners (for vibration) corpuscles

21
Q

What is neurofibromatosis?

A

Benign tumour of nerve endings

22
Q

What does every hair strand have attached to it?

A

A sebaceous gland and pigment cell

23
Q

How does pigmentation arise?

A

From melanocytes above dermal papilla

24
Q

What is the other name for a hair follicle?

A

Pilosebaceous unit

25
Q

What makes up a hair follicle?

A

Epidermal component plus dermal papilla

26
Q

Where are specialised keratins located in hair follicles in relation to sebaceous glands?

A

Adjacent to them

27
Q

What are the phases of hair growth?

A

Anagen (growing), Catagen (involuting), Telogen (resting)

28
Q

What are some hormonal influences of hair growth?

A

Thyroxine, Androgens

29
Q

Is the telogen phase asynchronous in humans?

A

Yes

30
Q

What is Alopecia areata?

A

Patchy hair loss (most common type)

31
Q

What is Hirsutism?

A

Excess hair growth (can be caused by ovarian cancer)

32
Q

What type of secretion do sebaceous glands use?

A

Holocrine secretion (opens into pilary canal)

33
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A

Widely distributed-largest gland of face and chest

34
Q

Are sebaceous glands hormone sensitive?

A

Yes-quiescent pre-puberty

35
Q

What do sebaceous glands produce?

A

Sebum-squalence, wax esters, TG and FFA

36
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

Control moisture loss and protect from fungal infection

37
Q

What do Apocrine glands develop as part of?

A

A pilosebaceous unit

38
Q

Where are apocrine glands found?

A

In axillae and perineum (start working in teens)

39
Q

What hormone do apocrine glands depend on?

A

Androgen

40
Q

What do apocrine glands produce?

A

Oily fluid (odour after bacterial decomposition)

41
Q

What is the function of apocrine glands?

A

It’s unknown

42
Q

Where are eccrine glands found?

A

Whole skin surface-palms, soles and axillae in particular

43
Q

What nerves eccrine glands supplied by?

A

Sympathetic cholinergic nerve supply

44
Q

What stimulates eccrine glands?

A

Mental, thermal and gustatory stimulus

45
Q

What occurs in the ultrafiltration that takes place in eccrine glands?

A

NaCl and HCO3 reabsorbed (hypotonic fluid), can be >10l per day

46
Q

What is the function of eccrine glands?

A

Cools by evaporation and moistens soles/palms to aid grip

Dermatology (31 decks)

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