STRUCTURE AND F(X) OF CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS Flashcards
WHAT IS CARBOHYDRATES?
CARBOHYDRATES IS:
- CONSISTING OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN
- ITS COMPOUND CONSIST OF ALDEHYDE OR KETONES FUNCTIONAL GRP WITH OR MORE HYDROXYL GRP
- THE FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES ARE
1. ACT AS ENERGY SOURCE
2. SRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
3. BINDING
4. SIGNALLING
5. STORAGE FORM OF ENERGY
WHAT CARBOHYDRATES CAN BE FOUND IN THE CELLULAR MEMBRANE?
GLYCOLIPIDS
GLYCOLIPID
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATE?
FOR CELL-CELL RECOGNITION
STATE THE FOUR CHEMICAL GROUPS
- MONOSACCHARIDES
- DISACCHARIDES
- OLIGOSACCHARIDES
- POLYSACCHARIDES
WHAT IS MONOSACCHARIDES AND GIVE 5 EXAMPLES.
MONOSACCHARIDES:
- IT IS A SIMPLEST CHO THAT CANNOT BE FURTHER HYDROLYSED INTO SIMPLER CHO.
- IT CONSIST OF LINEAR CHAIN OF MORE THAN 3 C ATOMS.
- ONE OF THE C ATOM WILL FORM THE CARBONYL GRP BY FORMING THE DOUBLE BOND WITH THE O
- THE OTHER C WILL ATTACH WITH THE OH GRP.
- THE OH GRP ALWAYS BECOME THE SITE FOR ENZYME REACTION
- EXAMPLES:
1. GLUCOSE
2. FRUCTOSE
3. GALACTOSE
4. RIBOSE
5. DEOXYRIBOSE
6. GLYCERALDEHYDE
7. ERYTHROSE
GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF DISACCHARIDES
- SUCROSE
- LACTOSE
- MALTOSE
GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF DISACCHARIDES
- SUCROSE
- LACTOSE
- MALTOSE
GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF DISACCHARIDES
- SUCROSE
- LACTOSE
- MALTOSE
MONOSACCHARIDES ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON ___, AND ___.
MONOSACCHARIDES ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON CARBOMYL GRP WHICH IS ALDEHYDE AND KETONES AND NO OF C ATOMS.
GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF DISACCHARIDES
- SUCROSE
- LACTOSE
- MALTOSE
MNEMONICS: SULAM
SU- SUCROSE
LA- LACTOSE
M- MALTOSE
GIVE EXAMPLES OF POLYSACCHARIDES.
- GLYCOGEN
- STARCH
- CELLULOSA
MNEMONICS: GSC
GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES.
- GALACTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES
- HUMAN MILK OLIGOSACCHARIDES
- GLYCOLIPIDS
- GLYCOPROTEINS
WHAT IS THE CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES STRUCTURE?
- D & L SUGAR
- STEREOISOMER AND EPIMERS
- RING STRUCTURES
- SUBSTITUTED SUGAR
5.OXIDISED AND REDUCED SUGAR
HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE D AND L SUGAR?
IT CAN SEEN THROUGH THE LOCATION OF OH GRP IN WHICH THE
D SUGAR WILL HAVE THE OH GRP AT THE RIGHT SIDE
L SUGAR WILL HAVE THE OH GRP AT THE LEFT SIDE
MAINLY, HUMAN HAVE D SUGAR.
TRUE/FALSE
REGARDING THE STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDE
A. STEREOISOMERS ARE COMPOUND THAT HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS
B. IN A LINEAR STRUCTURE, THE FIRST CARBON FOR KETOSE IS CONSIDERED AS ANOMERIC CARBON
C. THE ANOMERIC CARBON IN A RING STRUCTURE IS THE OH GRP
D. THE AMINO GRP WILL BE PLACED IN THE 2ND CARBON IN A RING STRUCTURE
E. MOST OF FREE MONO WITHIN CELLS ARE PHOSPHORYLATED AT TERMINAL C
A. TRUE
B. FALSE (IN LINEAR STRUCTURE, KETOSE - SECOND CARBON, ALDOSE - FIRST CARBON IS CONSIDERED AS ANOMERIC CARBON)
C. TRUE
D. TRUE
E. TRUE
CAN KETONE BE OXIDISED TO FORM ACID?
NO, ALDEHYDE CAN BE OXIDISE INTO ACID BUT NOT KETONE.
BRIEFLY DESC DISACCHARIDES.
- DISACCHARIDES ARE COMPOUND THAT HAVE 2 MONOSACCHARIDES THAT IS LINKED TGT BY THE COVALENT BOND THROUGH DEHYDRATION PROCESS.
- THIS REACTION WILL RESULT IN:
1. LOSS OF HYDROGEN FROM ONE MONO
2. LOSS OF OH FROM ANOTHER MONO - EXAMPLE:
1. SUCROSE: GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
2. LACTOSE: GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE
3. MALTOSE: GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
BRIEFLY DESC POLYSACCHARIDES.
- POLYSACCHARIDES ARE COMPOUND OF CHO THAT HAVE MORE THAN 10 MONOSACCHARIDES AND IT IS LINKED BY THE GLYCOSIDIC FORM TO FORM LINEAR CHAIN AND BRANCHED STRUCTURES.
- THE ANOMERIC CARBON OF 1 UNIT JOINED TO C4 OR C6 OF THE NEXT UNIT.
- THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF POLYSACCHARIDES:
1. HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES
2. HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES
3. OLIGOPOLYSACCHARIDES - EXAMPLE:
1. STARCH - PLANT POLYSACCHARIDES (A MIXTURE OF AMYLOSE AND AMYLOPECTIN)
2. GLYCOGEN - ANIMAL POLYSACCHARIDES
3. CELLULOSE - CAN BE FOUND IN PLANT CELL WALLS AND IT IS A LINEAR POLYMER OF REPEATING CELLOBIOSES
HYALORONIC ACID AND CHONDROITIN SULATE IS A ___.
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES
OLIGOSACCHARIDES OFTEN ATTACHED TO ___ AND ____ GLYCOSIDIC BOND
OLIGOSACCHARIDES OFTEN ATTACHED TO N GLYCOSIDIC BOND AND O GLYCOSIDIC BOND
ABO BLOOD TYPE ARE CONSIDERED AS ___.
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
TRUE/FALSE
REGARDING OLIGOSACCHARIDES:
A. A BLOOD GROUP HAVE 2 OLIGOSACCHARIDES
B. B BLOOD GROUP HAVE 1 OLIGOSACCHARIDES.
C. O BLOOD GROUP HAS THE LEAST OLIGOSACCHARIDES
D. OLIGOSACCHARIDES CONSIST OF 2 MONO UNITS
E. OLIGOSACCHARIDES ARE CONNECTED BY THE N OR O - GLYCOSIDIC BOND.
A. FALSE (ONE OLIGOSACCHARIDE)
B. TRUE
C. TRUE
D. FALSE (3 TO 10 MONO UNITS)
E. TRUE
STATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIPIDS.
LIPIDS:
- IT IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER
- SOLUBLE IN NON POLAR SOLVENT SUCH AS MENTHOL AND CHLOROORM.
- IT IS USED AS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE TOGETHER WITH PROTEIN, AS AN INTER & INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING AS WELL AS ENERGY STORES.
- LIPIDS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO:
1. SIMPLE LIPIDS
2. COMPLEX LIPIDS
3. PRECURSOR AND DERIVED LIPIDS
4. STEROLS
WHAT IS FATTY ACIDS?
FATTY ACIDS ARE CARBOXYLIC ACID WITH LONG CHAIN HYDROCARBON SIDE GRPS.
IT USUALLY OCCUR AS ESTER OR OILS
IT CAN BE DIVIDED INTO SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FA.