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STRUCTURE AND F(X) OF CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS CARBOHYDRATES?

A

CARBOHYDRATES IS:
- CONSISTING OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN
- ITS COMPOUND CONSIST OF ALDEHYDE OR KETONES FUNCTIONAL GRP WITH OR MORE HYDROXYL GRP
- THE FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES ARE
1. ACT AS ENERGY SOURCE
2. SRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
3. BINDING
4. SIGNALLING
5. STORAGE FORM OF ENERGY

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2
Q

WHAT CARBOHYDRATES CAN BE FOUND IN THE CELLULAR MEMBRANE?

A

GLYCOLIPIDS
GLYCOLIPID

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3
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATE?

A

FOR CELL-CELL RECOGNITION

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4
Q

STATE THE FOUR CHEMICAL GROUPS

A
  1. MONOSACCHARIDES
  2. DISACCHARIDES
  3. OLIGOSACCHARIDES
  4. POLYSACCHARIDES
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5
Q

WHAT IS MONOSACCHARIDES AND GIVE 5 EXAMPLES.

A

MONOSACCHARIDES:
- IT IS A SIMPLEST CHO THAT CANNOT BE FURTHER HYDROLYSED INTO SIMPLER CHO.
- IT CONSIST OF LINEAR CHAIN OF MORE THAN 3 C ATOMS.
- ONE OF THE C ATOM WILL FORM THE CARBONYL GRP BY FORMING THE DOUBLE BOND WITH THE O
- THE OTHER C WILL ATTACH WITH THE OH GRP.
- THE OH GRP ALWAYS BECOME THE SITE FOR ENZYME REACTION
- EXAMPLES:
1. GLUCOSE
2. FRUCTOSE
3. GALACTOSE
4. RIBOSE
5. DEOXYRIBOSE
6. GLYCERALDEHYDE
7. ERYTHROSE

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6
Q

GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF DISACCHARIDES

A
  1. SUCROSE
  2. LACTOSE
  3. MALTOSE
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7
Q

GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF DISACCHARIDES

A
  1. SUCROSE
  2. LACTOSE
  3. MALTOSE
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8
Q

GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF DISACCHARIDES

A
  1. SUCROSE
  2. LACTOSE
  3. MALTOSE
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9
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON ___, AND ___.

A

MONOSACCHARIDES ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON CARBOMYL GRP WHICH IS ALDEHYDE AND KETONES AND NO OF C ATOMS.

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10
Q

GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF DISACCHARIDES

A
  1. SUCROSE
  2. LACTOSE
  3. MALTOSE

MNEMONICS: SULAM

SU- SUCROSE
LA- LACTOSE
M- MALTOSE

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11
Q

GIVE EXAMPLES OF POLYSACCHARIDES.

A
  1. GLYCOGEN
  2. STARCH
  3. CELLULOSA

MNEMONICS: GSC

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12
Q

GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES.

A
  1. GALACTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES
  2. HUMAN MILK OLIGOSACCHARIDES
  3. GLYCOLIPIDS
  4. GLYCOPROTEINS
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13
Q

WHAT IS THE CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES STRUCTURE?

A
  1. D & L SUGAR
  2. STEREOISOMER AND EPIMERS
  3. RING STRUCTURES
  4. SUBSTITUTED SUGAR
    5.OXIDISED AND REDUCED SUGAR
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14
Q

HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE D AND L SUGAR?

A

IT CAN SEEN THROUGH THE LOCATION OF OH GRP IN WHICH THE
D SUGAR WILL HAVE THE OH GRP AT THE RIGHT SIDE
L SUGAR WILL HAVE THE OH GRP AT THE LEFT SIDE
MAINLY, HUMAN HAVE D SUGAR.

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15
Q

TRUE/FALSE

REGARDING THE STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDE
A. STEREOISOMERS ARE COMPOUND THAT HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS
B. IN A LINEAR STRUCTURE, THE FIRST CARBON FOR KETOSE IS CONSIDERED AS ANOMERIC CARBON
C. THE ANOMERIC CARBON IN A RING STRUCTURE IS THE OH GRP
D. THE AMINO GRP WILL BE PLACED IN THE 2ND CARBON IN A RING STRUCTURE
E. MOST OF FREE MONO WITHIN CELLS ARE PHOSPHORYLATED AT TERMINAL C

A

A. TRUE
B. FALSE (IN LINEAR STRUCTURE, KETOSE - SECOND CARBON, ALDOSE - FIRST CARBON IS CONSIDERED AS ANOMERIC CARBON)
C. TRUE
D. TRUE
E. TRUE

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16
Q

CAN KETONE BE OXIDISED TO FORM ACID?

A

NO, ALDEHYDE CAN BE OXIDISE INTO ACID BUT NOT KETONE.

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17
Q

BRIEFLY DESC DISACCHARIDES.

A
  • DISACCHARIDES ARE COMPOUND THAT HAVE 2 MONOSACCHARIDES THAT IS LINKED TGT BY THE COVALENT BOND THROUGH DEHYDRATION PROCESS.
  • THIS REACTION WILL RESULT IN:
    1. LOSS OF HYDROGEN FROM ONE MONO
    2. LOSS OF OH FROM ANOTHER MONO
  • EXAMPLE:
    1. SUCROSE: GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
    2. LACTOSE: GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE
    3. MALTOSE: GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
18
Q

BRIEFLY DESC POLYSACCHARIDES.

A
  • POLYSACCHARIDES ARE COMPOUND OF CHO THAT HAVE MORE THAN 10 MONOSACCHARIDES AND IT IS LINKED BY THE GLYCOSIDIC FORM TO FORM LINEAR CHAIN AND BRANCHED STRUCTURES.
  • THE ANOMERIC CARBON OF 1 UNIT JOINED TO C4 OR C6 OF THE NEXT UNIT.
  • THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF POLYSACCHARIDES:
    1. HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES
    2. HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES
    3. OLIGOPOLYSACCHARIDES
  • EXAMPLE:
    1. STARCH - PLANT POLYSACCHARIDES (A MIXTURE OF AMYLOSE AND AMYLOPECTIN)
    2. GLYCOGEN - ANIMAL POLYSACCHARIDES
    3. CELLULOSE - CAN BE FOUND IN PLANT CELL WALLS AND IT IS A LINEAR POLYMER OF REPEATING CELLOBIOSES
19
Q

HYALORONIC ACID AND CHONDROITIN SULATE IS A ___.

A

HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES

20
Q

OLIGOSACCHARIDES OFTEN ATTACHED TO ___ AND ____ GLYCOSIDIC BOND

A

OLIGOSACCHARIDES OFTEN ATTACHED TO N GLYCOSIDIC BOND AND O GLYCOSIDIC BOND

21
Q

ABO BLOOD TYPE ARE CONSIDERED AS ___.

A

OLIGOSACCHARIDES

22
Q

TRUE/FALSE

REGARDING OLIGOSACCHARIDES:
A. A BLOOD GROUP HAVE 2 OLIGOSACCHARIDES
B. B BLOOD GROUP HAVE 1 OLIGOSACCHARIDES.
C. O BLOOD GROUP HAS THE LEAST OLIGOSACCHARIDES
D. OLIGOSACCHARIDES CONSIST OF 2 MONO UNITS
E. OLIGOSACCHARIDES ARE CONNECTED BY THE N OR O - GLYCOSIDIC BOND.

A

A. FALSE (ONE OLIGOSACCHARIDE)
B. TRUE
C. TRUE
D. FALSE (3 TO 10 MONO UNITS)
E. TRUE

23
Q

STATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIPIDS.

A

LIPIDS:
- IT IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER
- SOLUBLE IN NON POLAR SOLVENT SUCH AS MENTHOL AND CHLOROORM.
- IT IS USED AS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE TOGETHER WITH PROTEIN, AS AN INTER & INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING AS WELL AS ENERGY STORES.
- LIPIDS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO:
1. SIMPLE LIPIDS
2. COMPLEX LIPIDS
3. PRECURSOR AND DERIVED LIPIDS
4. STEROLS

24
Q

WHAT IS FATTY ACIDS?

A

FATTY ACIDS ARE CARBOXYLIC ACID WITH LONG CHAIN HYDROCARBON SIDE GRPS.
IT USUALLY OCCUR AS ESTER OR OILS
IT CAN BE DIVIDED INTO SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FA.

25
Q

STATE THE GENERAL RULES OF NATURALLY FA.

A
  1. MOST FA HAVE EVEN NO OF CARBON ATOMS
  2. THE HYDROCARBON CHAIN OF FA IS USUALLY UNBRANCHED.
  3. MOST CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND IS SINGLE. HOWEVER, ACIDS MAY HAVE MORE THAN 2 CARBON- CARBON DOUBLE BOND.
  4. DOUBLE BOND ARE USUALLY CIS
  5. FOR MONOUNSATURATED FA, THE DOUBLE BOND USUALLY LOCATED IN BETWEEN C9 AND C10.
  6. FOR POLYUNSATURATED FA, THE DOUBLE BOND ARE NOT CONJUGATED AND SEPERATED BY THE METHYLENE UNIT.
26
Q

FORMATION OF TAG IS THROUGH THE PROCESS ____ OF ____ AND ____.

A

FORMATION OF TAG IS THROUGH THE PROCESS ESTERIFICATION OF 3 FA AND GLYCEROLS

27
Q

TAG ARE ___ IN WATER.

A

TAG ARE INSOLUBLE IN WATER.

28
Q

TRUE/FALSE

REGARDING TAG:
A. TAG IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER
B. TAG ACT AS AN ENERGY STORE AND NOT A COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE
C. TAG IS THE MAJOR FAT IN HUMAN
D. TAG IS SYNTHESIS IN THE LIVER, ADIPOSE TISSUE AND SMALL INTESTINE
E. TAG IS FOUND IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE AND LACTATING MAMMARY GLAND.

A

A. TRUE
B. TRUE
C. TRUE
D. TRUE
E. TRUE

29
Q

STATE THE FUNCTION OF TAG

A
  1. SOURCE OF ENERGY
  2. ACT AS THERMAL INSULATION
  3. MAIN STORAGE OF FAT IN ADIPOSE TISSUE
30
Q

TRUE/FALSE

REGARDING PHOSPHOLIPIDS:
A. PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE A TYPE OF FA.
B. CONSIST OF ALCOHOL, GLYCEROL AND PHOSPHATE
C. IT IS AMPHIPATHIC
D.HYDROPHILIC HEAD FACES ICF
E. A COMPONENT OF BLOOD LIPOPROTEIN.

A

A. TRUE
B. TRUE
C. TRUE
D. FALSE (ECF)
E. TRUE

31
Q

STATE THE FUNCTION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

A
  • A RESERVOIR FOR INTRACELLULAR 2ND MESSENGER
  • COMPONENT OF BLOOD LIPOPROTEINS
  • A COMPONENT OF LUNG SURFACTANT
  • SOURCE OF POLYUNSATURATED FA
  • AS COMPONENTS OF BILE
32
Q

STATE THE TYPES OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND BRIEFLY DESCRIBE.

A
  1. GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
    - CONSIST OF GLYCEROL BACKBONE
    - MAJOR COMPONENT OF BLOOD LIPOPROTEIN, BILE, LUNG SURFACTANT, SOURCE OF POLYUNSATURATED FA.
  2. SPHINGOPHOSPHOLIPIDS
    - CONSITST OF SPHINGOSINE BACKBONE
    - FORMING MYELIN SHEATH SURROUNDING NERVES IN CNS AND IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.
33
Q

EICOSANOIDS ARE DERIVED FROM ___.

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

34
Q

WHAT IS EICOSANOIDS?

A

EICASANOIDS:
- DERIVED FROM PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- ORIGINATED FROM THE ARACHIDONIC ACID
- CAN BE SUBDIVIDED INTO:
1. PROSTAGLANDINS
2. PROSTOCYCLINS
3. THROMBOXANE
4. LEUKOTRIENES
- PRESENT IN ALL CELL AT LOW CONC.
- INVOLVE IN THE PRODUCTION OF PAIN AND FEVER, REGULATION OF BP, BLOOD COAGULATION, AND REPRODUCTION
- TEND TO ACT LOCALLY, CLOSE TO THE CELLS THAT PRODUCE THEM.

35
Q

STATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CHOLESTEROLS.

A
  • STEROID
  • VERY HYDROPHOBIC
  • MAJOR STEROL IN ANIMAL TISSUES
  • MOSTLY EUKARYOTICS ORIGINS
  • TRANSPORTED IN BLOOD VIA LIPOPROTEINS
  • IN HUMAN, IT CAN BE OBTAINED FROM FOOD AND SYNTHESISED DE NOVO.
  • LIVER IS THE MAIN SITE OF REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROLS
  • DOUBLE BOND OF CHOLESTEROL IS BETWEEN C5 AND C6.
36
Q

CHOLESTEROL ESTER IS ___ HYDROPHOBIC THAN FREE CH0LESTEROL.

37
Q

CHOLESTEROL (CAN/CANNOT) BE FOUND IN THE CELL MEMBRANE.

38
Q

STATE THE FUNCTION OF CHOLESTEROL.

A

1 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF ALL CELL MEMBRANES
2. PRECURSORS OF BILE ACIDS, STEROID HORMONES, VIT D.
3. COMPONENT OF PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS SENT TO PERIPHERAL TISSUES.

39
Q

STATE THE FUNCTION OF CHOLESTEROL.

A

1 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF ALL CELL MEMBRANES
2. PRECURSORS OF BILE ACIDS, STEROID HORMONES, VIT D.
3. COMPONENT OF PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS SENT TO PERIPHERAL TISSUES.

40
Q

STATE THE SOURCE OF HEPATIC CHOLESTEROLS.

A
  1. DIETARY CHOLESTEROLS
  2. CHOLESTEROL FROM EXTRAHEPATIC TISSUE
  3. DE NOVO SYNTHESIS

BIOMOLECULAR (17 decks)

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