Structure And Classification Flashcards
What is a way to classify a bacteria? Why’s this important?
Structure
Important to understand how to fight it or understand how it works
What’s are the two major shapes of bacteria?
Rods (bacilli) and spheres (cocci)
What’s are chains of cocci called?
Streptococci
What’s an example of diplococci?
Neisseria gonorrhea
What are grape like clusters of cocci called?
Staphylococci
Do bacteria have membrane bound organelles?
Nope
Do bacteria have introns?
No
What is the bacteria wall made out of?
Peptidoglycans
Gram negative bacteria have thick or thin or heavy or light cross linking cell walls?
Thin and light cross linking
Gram positive bacteria have thick or thin or light or heavy cell walls?
Thick and heavy cross linking.
Gram negative or positive have two cell membranes?
Gram negative have two cell membranes.
What is a unique organelles/things that anti microbial drugs target in bacteria?
Ribosome
RNA polymerase
Topoisomerases
Describe the Peptidoglycan layer in gram negative bacteria
The outer membrane is external.
The peptidoglycan layer is internal to the external.
The cytoplasmic membrane is internal to everything gram neg or pos.
What are pili and what two important functions do they serve?
AKA WHAT?
Pili are sticks from the bacteria.
1: attach to the host cell with pathogenesis
2: sex pili
Fimbrae aka pili
Some bacteria have capsules to avoid phagocytosis. Which disease is always associated with encapsulated bacteria?
Meningitis
What is a bacteria spore?
Dehydrated, dormant bacteria survival mechanism in stressful limitations.
What is the make up of gram positive cell walls?
Teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid
Carbohydrate Lancefield us associated with which disease/bacteria?
Streptococci
What is the space called between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane?
Periplasm space
What does the periplasm contain? Importance?
Holds degrative enzymes.
What are porins and where are they?
Nutrient transporters.
In outer membrane
Gram negative cell walls have what unique substance?
Lipopolysaccharide
Why is LPS important? What’s it hold inside it?
Endoxin (lipid A)
O antigen.
What is endoxin/lipid A? Importance?
Toxic phospholipid, responsible for innate immune response of cytokine storm. SEPTIC SHOCK
Why is O antigen important?
O antigen is the primary antigen presented in gram negative bacteria.
What are the types of secretion for gram neg bacteria. (3)
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
What is the significance of type I secretion?
Its a direct port into the extracellular matrix. Anti microbial drugs can be eliminated through these pores, enhancing resistance.
Describe type 2 secretion in gram neg bacteria.
This is the general secretory pathway. First secretes into the periplasm. Then it’s secreted out into the extracellular space
Type 3 secretion pathway in gram neg is important for what?
Only in pathogens. It injects toxins and virulence factors into the host cell. Syringe.
Describe the peptidoglycan chains. What does transglycosylase do? Nam nag.
Paired saccharides linked. Transglycosylase links the disaccharides nam and nag
What are penicillin binding enzymes/proteins? What do they do?
What does penicillin bind to?
Crosslink the Peptidoglycans.
Transpeptidases and carboxypeptidases. (double ala bind)
What is the target of anti microbial drugs in a peptidoglycan chain? Specifically.
Terminal D-alanine pair.
What in our body breaks nam and nag apart? Where’s it in our bodies?
Lysozyme. Tears saliva and lysosomes in macs.
What are beta lactams?
Ring structure that imitates the double alanine bond. Therefore it binds Transpeptidases and inhibits cross linking.
Vancomycin binds and inhibits what?
Inhibits the ala pair to actually happen.
Anaerobic vs aerobic vs fermentation.
Anaerobic are killed in oxygen. Use fermentation.
Aerobic need oxygen.
Seem can survive in both called facultative bacteria.
What is sterotyping?
Distinguish strains within a genus
Why is gram neg important?
Neg charged and extra layer of permeability defense
Evade Phagocytes
Avoid complement.
Prevent uptake of antibiotics
