Structure and Bonding

Question 1

What are Electron shells made up of

Answer 1

Sub-Shells

Question 2

What are sub- shells made up of

Answer 2

Orbitals

Question 3

How many electrons can an orbital hold

Answer 3

Two

Question 4

What does a Nucleus contain

Answer 4

Protons and neutrons

Question 5

What are the subatomic particles

Answer 5

Protons- Have a positive charge and found in the nucleus
Neutrons- Have no charge and found in the nucleus
Electrons- Have a negative charge and they orbit the nucleus int the shells

Question 6

What is the atomic number?

Answer 6

The number of protons

Question 7

What is the mass number?

Answer 7

Number of protons and neutrons

Question 8

What is an isotope?

Answer 8

Same number of protons different number of nuetrons

Question 9

How many electrons can shell 1, 2 and 3 hold?

Answer 9

Shell 1- 2 electrons
Shell 2- 8 electrons
Shell 3- 18 electrons

Question 10

Describe S orbitals

Answer 10

Each energy level has one s-orbital
Can hold up to 2 electrons
Higher electron density near the nucleus
First two electrons of an atom will use this as its the lowest available energy level

Question 11

Describe P orbitals

Answer 11

There are three p-orbitals in an energy level
Can hold up to 6 electrons

Question 12

Describe D orbitals

Answer 12

At the third energy level there are five d-orbitals
Can hold up to 10 electrons

Question 13

What order does the s, p, d orbitals go in?

Answer 13

1s → 2s → 2p → 3s → 3p → 4s → 3d → 4p → 5s → 4d

Question 14

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 14

A bond between a metal and a non-metal
Electrons are transferred

Question 15

What happens during ionic bonding?

Answer 15

Metal atoms lose electrons to become positively charged ions called cations
Non-Metals gain electrons to become negatively charged ions called anions

Question 16

What is an ionic bonding electrostatic attraction?

Answer 16

Attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 17

What are some ionic bonding properties?

Answer 17

High melting and boiling points
Conductive when molten or dissolved in water

Question 18

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 18

Bond between non-metals where electrons are shared

Question 19

What are the different types of covalent bonding?

Answer 19

Single bond-one pair of electrons shared
Double bond-two pairs of electrons shared
Triple bond-three pairs of electrons shared

Question 20

What are some properties of covalent bonds?

Answer 20

Low melting and boiling points
Poor conductivity
Form molecules or giant covalent structures

Question 21

What is metallic bonding?

Answer 21

Bonding in metals where electrons are delocalised

Question 22

What is the structure of metallic bonding?

Answer 22

Positive metal ions lost in ‘a sea of electrons’

Question 23

What are some of the properties of metallic bonding?

Answer 23

Good electric and thermal conductivity
Malleable
High melting and boiling points

Question 24

What is Van der Waals forces?

Answer 24

Weak forces between molecules which increase with molecular size

Question 25

What is Dipole-Dipole forces?

Answer 25

Attraction between polar molecules

Question 26

What is hydrogen bonding?

Answer 26

Strong intermolecular force when a hydrogen bond to highly electronegative atoms (N, O, F)

Question 27

Describe a diamond structure

Answer 27

Each carbon atom bonded to four others Very hard High melting point Non-conductive

Question 28

Describe a graphite structure

Answer 28

Each carbon atom bonded to three others Layers slide over each other Conductive due to delocalised electrons

Question 29

Describe a silicone dioxide structure

Answer 29

High melting point Found in sand and quartz

Question 30

What is electronegativity?

Answer 30

Tendency of an atom to attract atoms in a bond

Question 31

What is a polar bond?

Answer 31

Unequal sharing of electrons due to difference in electronegativity

Question 32

What is a non-polar bond?

Answer 32

Equal sharing of electrons

Question 33

What is the relative atomic mass (Ar)?

Answer 33

Weighted average mass of an element’s atoms compared to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom

Question 34

What is relative molecular mass (Mr)?

Answer 34

Sum of relative atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule

Question 35

How do you calculate the Mr?

Answer 35

the sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms in the numbers shown in the formula

Question 36

What is a Mole?

Answer 36

Unit of amount of substance in chemistry; 1 mole = 6.022×10'23 particles (Avogadro’s constant).

Question 37

What is the molar mass (g/mol)?

Answer 37

Mass of 1 mole of a substance Equal to the Mr

Question 38

What is the formula to find Moles?

Answer 38

Number of moles = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol)

Question 39

How do you convert moles to particles?

Answer 39

Particles = moles × Avogadro’s constant

Question 40

How do you calculate the mass?

Answer 40

Mass (g) = moles × molar mass

Question 41

What is the formula to calculate the volume of gases?

Answer 41

Volume (dm³) = moles × 24

Question 42

What is the formula for concentration?

Answer 42

Concentration (mol/dm³) = moles / volume (dm)

Question 43

What equation contains moles, concentration and volume?

Answer 43

Moles = concentration (mol/dm³) × volume (dm³)

Question 44

What is the empirical formula?

Answer 44

Simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound Find by dividing moles of each element by the smallest mole value

Question 45

What is the molecular formula?

Answer 45

Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule Find by multiplying the empirical formula by a whole number so the molar mass matches the molecular mass

Question 46

How do you balance an equation?

Answer 46

Make the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation Write the unbalanced equation. Balance each element one at a time, adjusting coefficients. Double-check for equal atoms on each side.

Question 47

What is the percentage yield?

Answer 47

Measures efficiency of a reaction

Question 48

What is the formula for percentage yield?

Answer 48

Percentage Yield= theoretical yield/ actual yield×100%

Question 49

What is the actual yield?

Answer 49

Mass obtained from the experiment

Question 50

What the theoretical yield?

Answer 50

Mass calculated based on stoichiometry

Question 51

What factors affect yield?

Answer 51

Incomplete reactions Side reactions Losses during recovery