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medical terminology > structural organization of the body > Flashcards

structural organization of the body Flashcards

1
Q

nucleus

A

controls the operations of the cell, directs cell division; determines structure and function of the cell

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2
Q

cell membrane

A

surrounds and protects the cell; regulates what passes into and out of the cell

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

rod-like structures within the nucleus

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4
Q

genes

A

regions of DNA contained within chromosomes

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5
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, chemical that regulates the activities of the cell according to its sequence (arrangement into genes) on each chromosome

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6
Q

karyotype

A

a photograph of an individual’s chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number; used to determine whether chromosomes are normal

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7
Q

cytoplasm

A

includes all material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane; carries on the work of the cell, contains specialized apparatus to supply the chemical needs of the cell

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8
Q

mitochondria

A

small sausage-shaped bodies that provide the principal source of energy for the cell; use nutrients and oxygen to release energy stored in food; catabolism occurs in mitochondria

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9
Q

catabolism

A

chemical process where complex foods such as sugar and fat broken down into simpler substances and energy is released by the mitochondria; provides energy for cells to do the work of the body

cata- = down; bol = to cast; -ism = a process

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10
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of canals within the cell; cellular tunnel systems that manufacture proteins for the cell

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11
Q

ribosomes

A

attached to the endoplasmic reticulum; build long chains of proteins

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12
Q

anabolism

A

process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids; occurs on the endoplasmic reticulum

ana- = up; bol = to cast; -ism

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13
Q

metabolism

A

made up of the two processes: anabolism and catabolism; total of the chemical processes occurring in the cell

meta- = change; bol = to cast; -ism = a process

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14
Q

androgens

A

male hormones

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15
Q

muscle cell

A

long and slender; contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing

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16
Q

epithelial cell

A

a lining and skin cell; may be square and flat to provide protection

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17
Q

nerve cell

A

may be long and have fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses

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18
Q

fat cell

A

contains large, empty spaces for fat storage

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19
Q

differentiation

A

describes the change in cells as they mature and specialize into the different cell types within the body

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20
Q

histologist

A

a scientist who specializes in the study of tissues

hist/o = tissue

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21
Q

epithelial

A

describes all tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the inner surface of internal organs

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22
Q

voluntary muscle

A

found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movements is under conscious control

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23
Q

involuntary muscle

A

found in the heart and digestive system, as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control

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24
Q

cardiac muscle

A

specialized type of muscle found only in the heart

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25
adipose
fat
26
cartilage
elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones, bone, and blood
27
viscera
medical term for internal organs singular: viscus
28
digestive system
mouth pharynx - throat esophagus - tube from the throat to the stomach stomach intestines (small and large) liver gallbladder pancreas
29
urinary or excretory system
kidneys ureters - tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder urinary bladder urethra - tube from the bladder to the outside of the body
30
respiratory system
nose pharynx larynx - voice box trachea - windpipe bronchial tubes lungs - where the exchange of gases takes place
31
female reproductive system
ovaries fallopian tubes uterus - womb vagina mammary glands
32
male reproductive system
testes and associated tubes urethra penis prostate gland
33
endocrine system
thyroid gland - in the neck pituitary gland - at the base of the brain sex glands - ovaries and testes adrenal glands pancreas - islets of Langerhans parathyroid glands
34
nervous system
brain spinal cord nerves collections of nerves
35
circulatory system
heart blood vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries lymphatic vessels and nodes spleen thymus gland
36
musculoskeletal system
muscles bones joints
37
skin and sense organ systems
skin hair nails sweat glands sebaceous glands - oil sense eye ear nose tongue
38
adipose tissue
collection of fat cells
39
cartilage
flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joints; cartilage forms part of the external ear and the nose; rings of cartilage surround the trachea
40
epithelial cells
skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs
41
histologist
specialist in the study of tissues
42
larynx
voice box; located above the trachea hint: laryngitis is inflammation of the voice box, and may result in losing your voice
43
pharynx
throat; serves as the common passageway for food (from the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea)
44
pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain
45
thyroid gland
endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck
46
ureter
one of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder hint: 2 e's and there are 2 ureters
47
urethra
tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body hint: 1 e and there is 1 urethra
48
viscera
internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen
49
cranial cavity
space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull organs: brain, pituitary gland cranial = pertaining to the skull
50
thoracic cavity
broken up into 2 smaller cavities: pleural cavity and mediastinum organs: lungs, heart esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery)
51
pleural cavity
space surrounding each lung
52
pleura
double membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them
53
pleural effusion
when the pleural cavity fills with liquid due to pleuritis/pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura)
54
mediastinum
centrally located space outside of and between the lungs contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes
55
abdominal cavity
contains kidneys, stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder also called abdomen or peritoneal cavity
56
peritoneum
double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity; attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place
56
diaphragm
muscular wall that divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities; moves up and down and aids in breathing
57
pelvic cavity
pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters; uterus and vagina in the female
57
ventral (anterior)
pertaining to the front
57
spinal cavity
nerves of the spinal cord
57
abdominopelvic cavity
the abdominal and pelvic cavities are not separated by a muscular wall, so they are referred to together
58
dorsal (posterior)
pertaining to the back
59
ascites
collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
60
right hypochondriac region
right upper region below (hypo-) the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen
61
left hypochondriac region
left upper region below the rib cartilage
62
epigastric region
region above the stomach
63
right lumbar region
right middle region near the waist
64
left lumbar region
left middle region near the waist
65
umbilical region
region of the navel or umbilicus
66
right inguinal region
right lower region near the groin (inguin/o = groin), which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body also known as the right iliac region because it lies near the ilium (the upper portion of the hip bone)
67
left inguinal region
left lower region near the groin also called the left iliac region
68
hypogastric region
middle lower region below the umbilical region
69
right upper quadrant (RUQ)
contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines
70
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, part of the small and large intestines
71
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter
72
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
73
vertebra
single backbone plural: vertebrae
74
cervical (division of the back)
neck region (C1 to C7)
75
thoracic (division of the back)
chest region (T1 to T12)
76
lumbar (division of the back)
loin (waist) region (L1 to L5)
77
sacral (division of the back)
region of the sacrum (S1 to S5)
78
coccygeal (division of the back)
region of the coccyx (tailbone)
79
spinal column
bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity
80
spinal cord
nervous tissue within the spinal cavity
81
disc
pad of cartilage between vertebrae
82
anterior (ventral)
front side of the body ex: forehead is on the anterior (ventral) side of the body
83
posterior (dorsal)
back side of the body ex: back of the head is posterior (dorsal) to the face
84
deep
away from the surface ex: the stab wound penetrated deep into the abdomen
85
superficial
on the surface ex: superficial veins can be viewed through the skin
86
proximal
near the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure ex: at its distal end, the femur joins with the knee
87
inferior
below another structure ex: the feet are at the inferior part of the body; they are inferior to the knees
88
superior
above another structure ex: the head lies superior to the neck cephalic (pertaining to the head) also means above another structure
89
medial
pertaining to the middle, or nearer the medial plane of the body ex: when in the anatomic position (palms of the hands facing outward), the fifth (little) finger is medial
90
lateral
pertaining to the side ex: when in the anatomic position (palms of hands facing outward), the thumb is lateral
91
supine
lying on the back ex: the patient lies supine during an examination of the abdomen
92
prone
lying on the belly ex: backbones are examined with the patient in prone position
93
frontal (coronal) plane
vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions a common chest x-ray view is a PA (posteroanterior-viewed from back to front) view, which is the frontal (coronal) plane
94
sagittal (lateral) plane
lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides midsagittal plane divides body into right and left halves lateral (side-to-side) chest x-ray film is taken in sagittal plane
95
transverse (axial) plane
horizontal (cross-sectional) plane running across the body parallel to the ground cross-sectional plane divides body or structure into upper and lower portions CT scan is one of a series of x-ray pictures taken in the transverse (axial or cross-sectional) plane

medical terminology (9 decks)

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