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medical terminology > structural organization of the body > Flashcards

structural organization of the body Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

nucleus

A

controls the operations of the cell, directs cell division; determines structure and function of the cell

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2
Q

cell membrane

A

surrounds and protects the cell; regulates what passes into and out of the cell

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

rod-like structures within the nucleus

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4
Q

genes

A

regions of DNA contained within chromosomes

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5
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, chemical that regulates the activities of the cell according to its sequence (arrangement into genes) on each chromosome

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6
Q

karyotype

A

a photograph of an individual’s chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number; used to determine whether chromosomes are normal

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7
Q

cytoplasm

A

includes all material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane; carries on the work of the cell, contains specialized apparatus to supply the chemical needs of the cell

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8
Q

mitochondria

A

small sausage-shaped bodies that provide the principal source of energy for the cell; use nutrients and oxygen to release energy stored in food; catabolism occurs in mitochondria

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9
Q

catabolism

A

chemical process where complex foods such as sugar and fat broken down into simpler substances and energy is released by the mitochondria; provides energy for cells to do the work of the body

cata- = down; bol = to cast; -ism = a process

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10
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of canals within the cell; cellular tunnel systems that manufacture proteins for the cell

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11
Q

ribosomes

A

attached to the endoplasmic reticulum; build long chains of proteins

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12
Q

anabolism

A

process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids; occurs on the endoplasmic reticulum

ana- = up; bol = to cast; -ism

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13
Q

metabolism

A

made up of the two processes: anabolism and catabolism; total of the chemical processes occurring in the cell

meta- = change; bol = to cast; -ism = a process

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14
Q

androgens

A

male hormones

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15
Q

muscle cell

A

long and slender; contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing

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16
Q

epithelial cell

A

a lining and skin cell; may be square and flat to provide protection

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17
Q

nerve cell

A

may be long and have fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses

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18
Q

fat cell

A

contains large, empty spaces for fat storage

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19
Q

differentiation

A

describes the change in cells as they mature and specialize into the different cell types within the body

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20
Q

histologist

A

a scientist who specializes in the study of tissues

hist/o = tissue

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21
Q

epithelial

A

describes all tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the inner surface of internal organs

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22
Q

voluntary muscle

A

found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movements is under conscious control

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23
Q

involuntary muscle

A

found in the heart and digestive system, as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control

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24
Q

cardiac muscle

A

specialized type of muscle found only in the heart

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25
Q

adipose

A

fat

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26
Q

cartilage

A

elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones, bone, and blood

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27
Q

viscera

A

medical term for internal organs

singular: viscus

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28
Q

digestive system

A

mouth
pharynx - throat
esophagus - tube from the throat to the stomach
stomach
intestines (small and large)
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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29
Q

urinary or excretory system

A

kidneys
ureters - tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
urinary bladder
urethra - tube from the bladder to the outside of the body

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30
Q

respiratory system

A

nose
pharynx
larynx - voice box
trachea - windpipe
bronchial tubes
lungs - where the exchange of gases takes place

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31
Q

female reproductive system

A

ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus - womb
vagina
mammary glands

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32
Q

male reproductive system

A

testes and associated tubes
urethra
penis
prostate gland

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33
Q

endocrine system

A

thyroid gland - in the neck
pituitary gland - at the base of the brain
sex glands - ovaries and testes
adrenal glands
pancreas - islets of Langerhans
parathyroid glands

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34
Q

nervous system

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves
collections of nerves

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35
Q

circulatory system

A

heart
blood vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries
lymphatic vessels and nodes
spleen
thymus gland

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36
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

muscles
bones
joints

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37
Q

skin and sense organ systems

A

skin
hair
nails
sweat glands
sebaceous glands - oil

sense
eye
ear
nose
tongue

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38
Q

adipose tissue

A

collection of fat cells

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39
Q

cartilage

A

flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joints; cartilage forms part of the external ear and the nose; rings of cartilage surround the trachea

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40
Q

epithelial cells

A

skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs

41
Q

histologist

A

specialist in the study of tissues

42
Q

larynx

A

voice box; located above the trachea

hint: laryngitis is inflammation of the voice box, and may result in losing your voice

43
Q

pharynx

A

throat; serves as the common passageway for food (from the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea)

44
Q

pituitary gland

A

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

45
Q

thyroid gland

A

endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck

46
Q

ureter

A

one of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder

hint: 2 e’s and there are 2 ureters

47
Q

urethra

A

tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

hint: 1 e and there is 1 urethra

48
Q

viscera

A

internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen

49
Q

cranial cavity

A

space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull
organs: brain, pituitary gland
cranial = pertaining to the skull

50
Q

thoracic cavity

A

broken up into 2 smaller cavities: pleural cavity and mediastinum

organs: lungs, heart esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery)

51
Q

pleural cavity

A

space surrounding each lung

52
Q

pleura

A

double membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them

53
Q

pleural effusion

A

when the pleural cavity fills with liquid due to pleuritis/pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura)

54
Q

mediastinum

A

centrally located space outside of and between the lungs

contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes

55
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains kidneys, stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

also called abdomen or peritoneal cavity

56
Q

peritoneum

A

double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity; attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place

56
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular wall that divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities; moves up and down and aids in breathing

57
Q

pelvic cavity

A

pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity

portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters; uterus and vagina in the female

57
Q

ventral (anterior)

A

pertaining to the front

57
Q

spinal cavity

A

nerves of the spinal cord

57
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

the abdominal and pelvic cavities are not separated by a muscular wall, so they are referred to together

58
Q

dorsal (posterior)

A

pertaining to the back

59
Q

ascites

A

collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

60
Q

right hypochondriac region

A

right upper region below (hypo-) the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen

61
Q

left hypochondriac region

A

left upper region below the rib cartilage

62
Q

epigastric region

A

region above the stomach

63
Q

right lumbar region

A

right middle region near the waist

64
Q

left lumbar region

A

left middle region near the waist

65
Q

umbilical region

A

region of the navel or umbilicus

66
Q

right inguinal region

A

right lower region near the groin (inguin/o = groin), which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body

also known as the right iliac region because it lies near the ilium (the upper portion of the hip bone)

67
Q

left inguinal region

A

left lower region near the groin

also called the left iliac region

68
Q

hypogastric region

A

middle lower region below the umbilical region

69
Q

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

A

contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines

70
Q

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

A

contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, part of the small and large intestines

71
Q

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

A

contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter

72
Q

left lower quadrant (LLQ)

A

contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

73
Q

vertebra

A

single backbone

plural: vertebrae

74
Q

cervical (division of the back)

A

neck region (C1 to C7)

75
Q

thoracic (division of the back)

A

chest region (T1 to T12)

76
Q

lumbar (division of the back)

A

loin (waist) region (L1 to L5)

77
Q

sacral (division of the back)

A

region of the sacrum (S1 to S5)

78
Q

coccygeal (division of the back)

A

region of the coccyx (tailbone)

79
Q

spinal column

A

bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity

80
Q

spinal cord

A

nervous tissue within the spinal cavity

81
Q

disc

A

pad of cartilage between vertebrae

82
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

front side of the body

ex: forehead is on the anterior (ventral) side of the body

83
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

back side of the body

ex: back of the head is posterior (dorsal) to the face

84
Q

deep

A

away from the surface

ex: the stab wound penetrated deep into the abdomen

85
Q

superficial

A

on the surface

ex: superficial veins can be viewed through the skin

86
Q

proximal

A

near the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure

ex: at its distal end, the femur joins with the knee

87
Q

inferior

A

below another structure

ex: the feet are at the inferior part of the body; they are inferior to the knees

88
Q

superior

A

above another structure

ex: the head lies superior to the neck

cephalic (pertaining to the head) also means above another structure

89
Q

medial

A

pertaining to the middle, or nearer the medial plane of the body

ex: when in the anatomic position (palms of the hands facing outward), the fifth (little) finger is medial

90
Q

lateral

A

pertaining to the side

ex: when in the anatomic position (palms of hands facing outward), the thumb is lateral

91
Q

supine

A

lying on the back

ex: the patient lies supine during an examination of the abdomen

92
Q

prone

A

lying on the belly

ex: backbones are examined with the patient in prone position

93
Q

frontal (coronal) plane

A

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

a common chest x-ray view is a PA (posteroanterior-viewed from back to front) view, which is the frontal (coronal) plane

94
Q

sagittal (lateral) plane

A

lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides

midsagittal plane divides body into right and left halves

lateral (side-to-side) chest x-ray film is taken in sagittal plane

95
Q

transverse (axial) plane

A

horizontal (cross-sectional) plane running across the body parallel to the ground

cross-sectional plane divides body or structure into upper and lower portions

CT scan is one of a series of x-ray pictures taken in the transverse (axial or cross-sectional) plane

medical terminology (9 decks)

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