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medical terminology > chapter 3 vocab words > Flashcards

chapter 3 vocab words Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

fibromyalgia

A

common chronic disorder that involves widespread pain in muscles and fibrous tissues around joints

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2
Q

amniocentesis

A

process of withdrawing fluid accumulation in amnion for analysis between 12-18 weeks of pregnancy

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3
Q

pleurodynia

A

pain in the chest wall muscles that is aggravated by breathing

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4
Q

ischemia

A

decrease in blood supply (due to blood clot in a vessel or narrowing and closing off a vessel); tissue can die if it is deprived of oxygen for long enough

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5
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

“mini-stroke”; occurs when blood is held back from tissue in the brain

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6
Q

tonsils

A

lymphatic tissue in the back of the throat

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7
Q

hemolysis

A

normal breakdown of RBCs

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8
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

type of anemia that is caused by excessive destruction of RBCs

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9
Q

myoma

A

benign tumor

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10
Q

myosarcoma

A

malignant tumor, muscle is type of flesh tissue

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11
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignant tumor occurs in bone marrow tissue throughout the body

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12
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

primary disease of the heart muscle in the absence of a known underly etiology (cause)

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13
Q

neutropenia

A

neutrophil (type of WBC) deficiency

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14
Q

acrophobia

A

fear of heights

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15
Q

agoraphobia

A

anxiety disorder marked by fear of being outside of home alone, being in open or enclosed places, or using public transportation

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16
Q

achondroplasia

A

inherited disorder or an be result of a mutation in a specific gene

bones of the arms and legs do not grow to normal size because of a defect in cartilage and bone formation

results in dwarfism, marked by short limbs but normal-sized head and trunk and normal intelligence

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17
Q

angioplasty

A

interventional cardiologist opens a narrowed blood vessel (artery) using a balloon that is inflated after insertion into vessel

stents, or slotted tubes, are put in place to keep the artery open

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18
Q

atherosclerosis

A

deposits of fat collect in an artery

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19
Q

metastasis

A

the spread of a malignant tumor beyond its original site to a secondary organ or location

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20
Q

hemostasis

A

stopping the flow of blood naturally by clotting or artificially by compression or suturing the wound

hemostat (surgical clamp) used in operating rooms to stop blood flow

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21
Q

laparotomy

A

procedure for the creation of a large incision into the peritoneal cavity

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22
Q

hypertrophy

A

cells increase in size, not numbers

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23
Q

atrophy

A

cells decrease in size

muscles atrophy when immobilized in a cast and not in use

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24
Q

ptosis (blepharoptosis)

A

condition may be congenital, occur with aging, or associated with stroke, cranial nerve damage, and other neurologic disorders

eyelid droops because of muscle weakness

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25
Q

radiographer

A

technologist who assists in the making of diagnostic x-ray pictures

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26
Q

leukemia

A

group of cancers that begins in bone marrow and results in high numbers of abnormal, immature WBCs

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27
Q

artery

A

carries blood rich in oxygen from the heart to the organs of the body

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28
Q

arterioles

A

small arteries that branch into capillaries (smallest blood vessels)

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29
Q

venules

A

small veins that carry blood low in oxygen to a vein that brings oxygen-poor blood back to the heart

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30
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

heart attack; infarction is an area of dead tissue (necrosis) resulting from ischemia (lack of blood supply to that tissue)

31
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

malignant tumor produced in bone

32
Q

acute

A

opposite of chronic; describes disease that is of rapid onset and has severe symptoms and brief duration

33
Q

mucous membranes

A

produce sticky secretion called mucus

34
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

iron is needed to make hemoglobin

35
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

erythrocytes assume an abnormal sickle shape and clog blood vessels

36
Q

aplastic anemia

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes are not formed in bone marrow

37
Q

splenomegaly

A

occurs with development of high blood pressure in hepatic veins and hemolytic blood diseases

38
Q

sentinel axillary lymph node

A

first lymph node to which cancer is most likely to spread

39
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it

40
Q

hiatal hernia

A

occurs when the stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm

41
Q

inguinal hernia

A

occurs when part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region and commonly into the scrotal sac in the male

42
Q

cystocele

A

occurs when part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall as a result of weakness of the pelvic muscles

43
Q

rectocele

A

protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina

44
Q

omphalocele

A

herniation of the intestines through a weakness in the abdominal walls around the naval occurring in infants at birth

omphal/o = umbilicus, navel

45
Q

streptococcus

A

berry-shaped bacterium, grows in twisted chains

one group of streptococci causes strep throat, tonsillitis, rheumatic fever, kidney ailments
other groups causes infections in teeth, within sinuses of nose and face, and in valves of heart

46
Q

staphylococci

A

berry-shaped bacteria, grow in small clusters like grapes

47
Q

abscess

A

collection of pus, white blood cells, and protein that is present at the site of infection

48
Q

MRSA

A

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; serious staphylococcal condition that is difficult to treat with antibiotics

49
Q

antibiotic resistant infection

A

bacteria develop ability to resist or defeat the drugs designed to kill them

50
Q

diplococci

A

berry-shaped bacteria organized in pairs

51
Q

pneumococci

A

cause bacterial pneumonia

52
Q

gonococci

A

invade reproductive organs, causing gonorrhea

53
Q

C. difficile

A

bacteria that leads to infection that causes inflammation of the colon and severe diarrheal disease; common with patients who take antibiotics for long periods of time

54
Q

fecal transplant (bacteriotherapy)

A

restoration of normal bacteria in the digestive tract; transfer of stool containing normal bacteria from a healthy donor into the colon of the patient with chronic C. difficile infection

55
Q

5 types of blood cells

A

Never (neutrophil)
Let (lymphocyte)
Monkeys (monocyte)
Eat (eosinophil)
Bananas (basophil)

56
Q

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

made in the bone marrow; carry oxygen from the lungs through the blood to all body cells where they use oxygen to burn food and release energy (catabolism)

57
Q

hemoglobin

A

important protein in erythrocytes that carries oxygen through the bloodstream

58
Q

leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

five different kinds of leukocytes: three granulocytes, or polymorphonuclear cells, and two mononuclear cells

59
Q

granulocytes

A

contain dark-staining granules in their cytoplasm and have a multilobed nucleus; formed in the bone marrow

three types: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

60
Q

eosinophils

A

granules stain red with acidic stain; increased in number in allergic conditions such as asthma

3% of leukocytes are eosinophils

61
Q

basophils

A

granules stain blue with basic stain; function is unclear, but number of cells increase in the healing phase of inflammation

less than 1% of leukocytes of basophils

62
Q

neutrophils

A

granules stain a pale purple with neutral stain; most important disease-fighting cells

50-60% of leukocytes are neutrophils

are phagocytes which means they engulf and digest bacteria

referred to as “polys” or polymorphonuclear leukocytes due to multilobed nucleus

63
Q

mononuclear cells

A

have one large nucleus and only a few granules in their cytoplasm; produced in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen

two types: lymphocytes, monocytes

64
Q

lymphocytes

A

lymph cells; fight disease by producing antibodies, thereby destroying foreign cells; can also attach directly to foreign cells and destroy them

two types: T cells and B cells

32% of WBCs are lymphocytes

65
Q

monocytes

A

containing one very large nucleus; engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells; leave bloodstream and enter tissues (such as lung and liver) to become macrophages

4% of all leukocytes

66
Q

macrophages

A

large phagocytes

67
Q

acromegaly

A

endocrine disorder; occurs when pituitary gland produces excessive amount of growth hormone after completion of puberty, resulting in benign tumor of pituitary gland

normal height because long bones stop after puberty, bones and soft tissue in hands, feet, and face grow abnormally

68
Q

gigantism

A

result of overproduction of pituitary growth hormone beginning in childhood

69
Q

laparoscopy

A

a form of minimally invasive surgery; visual examination of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope

inserts laparoscope (lighted telescopic instrument) through an incision in abdomen near the navel

gas (CO2) is infused into peritoneal cavity to separate and prevent injury to abdominal structures during surgery

used to examine abdominal viscera for evidence of disease (performing biopsies) or for procedures like removing appendix, gallbladder, adrenal gland, spleen, or ovary

70
Q

tracheotomy

A

incision into the trachea typically done to open it below a blockage; performed to remove foreign body or obtain biopsy specimen

71
Q

tracheostomy

A

an opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube is inserted; tube is required to allow air to flow into the lungs or to help remove secretions (mucus) from the bronchial tubes

72
Q

adenoids

A

small masses of lymphatic tissue in the part of the pharynx (throat) near the nose and nasal passages

not endocrine or exocrine glands

enlargement of adenoids can cause blockage of airway from nose to pharynx

73
Q

tonsils

A

lymphatic tissue

medical terminology (9 decks)

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