med terms Flashcards
audiometer
instrument to measure or test hearing
postmortem
after death
electroencephalography
process of recording the electricity in the brain
insomniac
pertaining to without sleep; an insomniac is a person who cannot sleep
brachial artery
artery that carries blood to the arm
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary bladder
neonatal
pertaining to a new birth
pineal gland
small endocrine gland in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin
retroflexion
bending backward
retinoblastoma
malignant tumor of the retina of the eye; childhood malignancy
ileum
third part of the small intestine
oncogene
region of DNA in tumor cells (cellular oncogene) or in viruses (viral oncogene) that cause cancer
radius
bone in the lower arm on the thumb side of the wrist
bone density test
low energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist; used to measure bone mass
also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DX)
anisocytosis
inequality in the size of red blood cells
aniso = uneven, unequal
cyto = cell
osis = condition or state, often abnormal
integumentary system
skin and its accessory organs such as hair and nails
epiglottis
lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the voice box and windpipe when a person is swallowing
glucose
simple sugar; necessary as a source of energy for body cells
parotid gland
salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
cephalic version
procedure for turning the fetus so that its head is the presenting part to enter the birth canal first
spinal cavity
space within the spinal column (backbones) containing the spinal cord
norepinephrine
hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure
also called noradrenaline
mediastinum
centrally located space outside of an between lungs of the thoracic cavity
suppressor T cell
lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cell lymphocytes
also called a Treg (regulatory T cell)
lumbar puncture
withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae; spinal tap
epididymis
one of a pair of long, tightly coiled tubes lying on top of each testis
it carries sperm to the vas deferens
uric acid
nitrogenous waste formed when proteins are used in cells
it is excreted by the kidneys in urine
symptom
subjective change in a condition as perceived by the patient
phlebotomy
incision of a vein (for the removal of blood)
leukopenia
deficiency of white blood cells
CD4+ cell
helper T-cells that carry the CD4+ protein antigen on their surface
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines
cul-de-sac
region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus
reabsorption
process in the kidney by which the renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream
etiology
study of the cause of disease
iridectomy
removal of a portion of the iris
epididymitis
inflammation of an epididymis
lithogenesis
formation of stones (calculi)
emetic
drug that promotes vomiting
hyperplasia
condition of increased formation
bronchoalveolar lavage
irrigation or washing of a bronchus by injecting fluid through a bronchoscope and then removing it to analyze the contents
Mohs surgery
thin layers of malignant tissue are removed, and each slice is examined microscopically to check for adequate extent of the resection
meningeal
pertaining to the meninges
electrophoresis
technique used to separate serum proteins by electrical charge and size
aneurysm
weakening of an arterial wall, which may lead to hemorrhage and cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
precancerous
pertaining to occurring before a malignant condition
proctosigmoidoscopy
visual (endoscopic) examination of the anus, rectum, and sigmoid colon
prostatectomy
removal (excision) of the prostate gland
ovarian
pertaining to an ovary
intercostal
pertaining to between the ribs
renal angioplasty
dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
parenchyma
essential, functioning cells of any organ
vitiligo
patches of white, unpigmented skin surrounded by areas of normal skin; leukoderma
radiology
study of x-ray and other energy sources in the diagnosis of disease
neurology
study of nerves and nerve disorders
paresthesia
abnormal nervous sensation occurring without apparent cause
ex: tingling, numbness, or prickling sensations
euthymia
normal, non-depressed, positive mood
dysrhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm
adenohypophysis
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
antiemetic
drug that prevents nausea and vomiting
delusion
fixed, false belief that cannot be changed by logical reasoning or evidence
iliac
pertaining to the ilium; right or left upper most portion of the hip bone
Graves disease
hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis
most common type of hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism
decreased secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland
femur
thigh bone
ultrasonography
use of high frequency sound waves to produce a record or picture of an organ or tissue
paranoid personality
characterized by recurrent delusions of persecution and jealousy with suspicion and mistrust of other people
endotracheal
pertaining to within the trachea
conjunctiva
delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball up to the cornea
atypical antipsychotics
drugs used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other serious mental illnesses (psychoses)
breast cancer
malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts)
neuroblastoma
malignant childhood tumor originating in cells of the nervous system
ketoacidosis
fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body
vulvodynia
pain in the female genitalia
vaginal orifice
opening of the vagina to the exterior of the body
Crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
choledochojejunostomy (ko-leh-do-ko-jeh-ju-NOS-to-me)
surgical anastomosis (creation of a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum
coneoscleral
pertaining to the cornea and sclera (white of the eye)
sickle cell anemia
hereditary of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis
ganglion (pl. ganglia)
collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
endocardium
inner lining of the heart
extracorporeal circulation
use of heart-lung machine to divert blood from the heart and lungs during open heart surgery
kleptomania
strong impulse to steal, often with little actual desire for the stolen item
ischium
posterior (back) portion of the hip bone
radiopharmaceutical
radioactive drug (radionuclide plus a drug) that is administered safely for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
thoracotomy
incision of the chest
laparotomy
incision (large) of the abdomen for diagnosis and treatment
creation of a large incision into the peritoneal cavity
this is exploratory or open surgery
lapar/o = abdomen, abdominal wall
mydriasis
widening of the pupil of the eye
angina
cheat pain associated with myocardial ischemia (poor blood supply)
mediastinal nodes
lymph nodes in the mediastinum (central area between the lungs in the chest)
narcolepsy
sudden seizures of sleep
karyotype
picture (classification) of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell
bone marrow transplantation
bone marrow tissue is infused intravenously into a patient
multiple gestation
the presence of more than one embryo developing in the uterus during pregnancy
electroencephalogram
record of the electricity in the brain
tricuspid valve
valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart
hypopituitarism
deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland
pharmacologist
specialist in the study of properties, uses, and actions of drugs
insight-oriented therapy
face-to-face discussion of life problems and feelings to increase understanding of thoughts and behavior patterns; psychodynamic therapy
addiction
physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug
eczema
chronic dermatitis of unknown etiology, marked by redness, blisters, scales, and scabs; atopic dermatitis
autoimmune disease
condition in which the immune system (antibodies) attacks normal, healthy cells
producing chronic, disabling dieseases
melanoma
cancerous skin growth composed of melanocytes
penis
male genital organ composed of erectile tissue
aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small ulcers; canker sores
syndactyly
fusion of fingers or toes; congenital anomaly
dystocia
difficult childbirth
abnormal
pertaining to away from the rule or order
nerve
macroscopic cordlike collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses
choledochotomy
incision of the common bile duct
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine
mycosis
disease caused by a fungus
eryhtropoiesis
formation of red blood cells
cystectomy
excision (removal) of the the urinary bladder
cardiac MRI
images of the heart are produced with magnetic waves
cortical
pertaining to the cortex (outer region of an organ)
tibia
larger of the two lower leg bones
sacral vertebrae
bones of the sacrum (lower back below the lumbar region)
prolapse
sliding forward or downward
hypoglossal
pertaining to under the tongue
dysmenorrhea
painful, difficult menses (menstruation)
positron emission tomography
radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in tissues of the body to image the metabolic activity of cells; PET scan
oral administration
drugs that are given by mouth
glucocorticoid
hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces tissue inflammation
hilar
pertaining to the hilum
superior
above another structure
myocardial
pertaining to the heart muscle
scan
image of an area, organ, or tissue of the body obtained from ultrasound, radioactive tracer studies, or computed tomography
renal
pertaining to the kidney
neutropenia
deficiency of neutrophils
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
autologous transfusion
removal and then reinfusion of a patient’s own blood or blood components
toxicology
branch of pharmacology that studies harmful chemicals and their effects on the body
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
measures the time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube; useful in detection of inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis
occlusion
blockage or obstruction
fetishism
use of non-living objects, such as articles of clothing, as substitutes for a human sexual love object
ribonucleic acid
cellular substance that, along with DNA, plays a role in protein synthesis
hemiglossectomy
removal (resection) of half the tongue
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
glycemic
pertaining to blood sugar
stratum corneum
outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of flattened, keratinized cells
cerebral
pertaining to the cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
perineorrhaphy
suture of the perineum (following an episiotomy)
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
hyperparathyroidism
increased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
coronary artery bypass grafting
arteries or veins are grafted onto coronary arteries to bypass blocked arteries and bring blood supply to the myocardium
remission
return to good health; signs and symptoms of disease are gone
antimetabolites
chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA; used in cancer treatment
hair follicle
sac within which ear hair grows
lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue
paraaortic nodes
lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body
oncology
study of tumors (malignant tumors)
glossectomy
removal of the tongue
orifice
an opening
anoxia
without oxygen
hydrarthrosis
condition of water or fluid in a joint
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space
pediatric
pertaining to treatment of children
antidiarrheal
drug that prevents diarrhea
syringe
instrument for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body
synovial membrane
tissue lining the synovial cavity
it produces synovial fluid, which lubricates the joints and helps them move smoothly
a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae
nephrology
study of the kidneys and kidney disease
salpingectomy
removal of a fallopian tube
prolactin
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion
atresia
absence of a normal opening
obstructive lung disease
narrowed airways result in resistance to airflow during breathing
ex: asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD, cystic fibrosis
bunion
enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint); hallux valgus
synergistic
pertaining to synergism
gastrostomy
new opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body
mammoplasty
surgical repair of the breast (augmentation or reduction surgery)
protease
enzyme that digests protein
vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina
myeloblast
immature bone marrow cell that gives rise to granulocytes
sagittal plane
lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into a right and left sides; lateral plane
midsagittal plane divides the brain into left and right sides
comatose
pertaining to a coma
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of glomeruli in the kidney
bronchiolitis
inflammation of a bronchiole
purulent
pus-filled; forming or containing pus
menometrorrhagia
excessive uterine bleeding during menstruation and also between menstrual periods
benign
non-cancerous
paresis
slight paralysis
diuresis
increased excretion of urine by the kidneys
a diuretic is an agent, such as tea, coffee or water, that increases diuresis
phrenic nerve
carries impulses between the brain and the diaphragm
phenylketonuria
excess of phenylketones in the urine; diagnosed by PKU test at birth
nephrectomy
removal of a kidney
calciferol
active form of vitamin D secreted by the kidneys
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers
grading of tumors
evaluating the microscopic appearance of tumor cells to determine their degree of malignant transformation
hematopoiesis
formation of blood cells in bone marrow
metabolism
total of the chemical processes in a cell
it includes catabolism and anabolism
obstetrics
branch of medicine and surgery dealing with the care of women during pregnancy and childbirth
radiocurable tumor
tumor cells that are destroyed with radiotherapy
sensory nerve
carries message to the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve
conversion disorder
physical symptoms appear with no organic basis and as a result of anxiety and inner conflict
ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
creatinine clearance
measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
diabetes mellitus
lack of insulin secretion (type I) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (type II) leads to hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia
molecular pharmacology
study of the interaction of drugs and their target molecules, enzymes, or cell surface receptors
inguinal
pertaining to the groin
pharmacodynamics
study of the effects and strength of a drug within the body
synergism
drug action in which the combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug
pneumoconiosis
abnormal lung condition caused by exposure to certain dusts; with chronic inflammation, infection and bronchitis
hypogonadism
deficient functioning of the gonads (ovaries or testes)
cerebrospinal fluid
clear, watery fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
anteroposterior
in this AP x-ray view, x-rays travel from an anteriorly placed source to posteriorly placed detector (x-ray beam passed from the front to the back of the body)
interstitial cells of the testes
cells that lie between the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone
myeloma
malignant tumor of bone marrow
ketonuria
presence of ketones in the urine
common in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, but can occur in any time the body begins to break down fatty tissue to provide energy as in starvation
cheilosis (ki-LO-sis)
abnormal condition of the lip
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
stratum (pl. strata)
a layer (of cells)
abdominal cavity
space in the body below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach. gallbladder, and intestines, abdomen; abdomen
cholecystectomy
removal (excision, resection) of the gallbladder
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
benign tumor
noncancerous growth
erythematous
pertaining to redness of the skin
deep vein thrombosis
blood clots form in a large vein, usually in the leg
optic disc
region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina
it is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones, and is thus insensitive to light
KUB
x-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
uterus
muscular organ in a female that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops; womb
verrucous tumor
tumor whose growth pattern resembles a wart
endoscope
instrument to visually examine the interior of the body
arthography
x-ray imaging of a joint after injection of contrast material
fallopian tube
one of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus; also called oviduct
hydrocele
hernia (sac of clear, watery fluid) within the scrotum
neuroleptic drug
suppresses psychotic symptoms and behavior; used in treatment of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
ex: aripiprazole (Abilify), olanzapine (Zyprexa)
dependence
prolonged use of a drug that may lead to physiologic need for its actions in the body
pathogenesis
development of disease
hemiplegia
paralysis of the right or left half of the body
pyorrhea
discharge of pus from the gums
submandibular
pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible)
dentalgia
pain in a tooth
tonometry
measurement of tension and pressure within the eye; glaucoma test
absorption
passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
vomer
thin plate of bone that forms part of the nasal septum, which is the wall separating the nostrils
ligament
fibrous, connective bands binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint
erythema
condition of redness of the skin
hypernatremia
abnormally high levels of sodium in the bloodstream
scabies
contagious, parasitic infection of the skin with intense pruritus (itching)
serum creatine kinase
measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum; increased levels occur in muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, rhabdomyolysis, and traumatic injuries
lymph vessel
carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest
common bile duct
tube carrying bile from the liver and gallbladder into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine)
nucleotide
unit of DNA (gene) composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base
the sequence of nucleotides composing a gene is the genetic code
myelin sheath
fatty, white covering over the axon of a nerve cell
corneal abrasion
superficial scratch on the cornea (front of the eye)
audiologist
healthcare professional specializing in the evaluation and rehabilitation of people with hearing loss
morbidity
damage to normal tissue or the state of being diseased
inhalation
act of breathing in; inspiration
also administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth
antepartum
before birth
dacryoadenitis
inflammation of tear glands
rotation
circular movement around an axis (central point)
thyroid carcinoma
malignant tumor of the thyroid gland
malleus
hammer-shaped, small bone (ossicle) in the middle ear; first ossicle
uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate, at the back of the mouth
phosphorus
mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium
placenta
vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall during pregnancy
scapula
shoulder blade
reticulocyte
immature erythrocyte; a network (reticulum) of strands is seen after staining the cell with special dyes
immune reaction
response of the immune system to foreign invasion
palpitations
uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias; feeling that your heart is fluttering or pounding
herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
peptic ulcer
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
brainstem
lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
insulin
hormone secreted by the endocrine cells of the pancreas
it transports sugar from the blood into cells
BNP test
measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood; BNP is elevated in heart failure
ichthyosis
hereditary condition in which the skin resembles fish scales and is dry, rough, and scaly
choledochal
pertaining to the common bile duct
coronary artery disease
arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become clogged and blocked with deposits of fatty material and cholesterol (plaque)
catheter ablation
brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone
superego
internalized conscience and moral aspect of the personality
dysplastic
pertaining to abnormal formation or development of cells; not clearly malignant
arteriography
x-ray recording of arteries; contrast is injected
thoracic cavity
space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs
pharmacology
study of the properties, uses, and actions of drugs
mandible
lower jaw bone
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves that activate responses in times of stress; heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure are affected
oliguria
scanty urination
metacarpectomy
removal of hand bones
lymphoid organs
organs containing and derived from lymphatic tissue; spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes
vagus nerve
tenth cranial nerve with branches to the chest and abdominal organs
electrocautery
use of a needle or snare heated by electric current to destroy or burn tissue (removal of warts, polyps)
arthrodesis
surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement
atrial fibrillation
electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm
umbilical region
central abdominopelvic region near the navel; umbilical means pertaining to the navel
optician
non-medical professional trained in grinding lenses and fitting eyeglasses
cardiovascular drug
drug that treats the heart and blood vessels; ACE inhibitors, diuretics, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers
oral
pertaining to the mouth
jaundice
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood; icterus
mastectomy
removal (excision) of a breast
suprapubic
pertaining to above the pubic bones
sessile
type of polyp that extends from a broad base as opposed to growing on a stalk
malaise
general feeling of bodily discomfort
labial
pertaining to the lip
Addison disease
hypo-functioning of the adrenal cortex; decreased secretion of aldosterone and cortisol
also known as adrenal insufficiency, can cause low blood pressure, muscle weakness, low blood sugar, etc.
infracostal
pertaining to below the ribs
melanin
skin pigment
it is formed by melanocytes in the epidermis
dyspepsia
painful digestion; indigestion
nucleic
pertaining to the nucleus
blood transfusion
blood cells or whole blood from a closely matched donor are infused into a patient
renal hypertension
high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
esophageal cancer
malignant tumor of the esophagus
rectal administration
drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum
lymphocyte
type of white blood cell (leukocyte) found in lymph nodes and blood; part of the immune system that fights disease
glucose tolerance test
measures the glucose levels in a blood sample taken at various intervals from a patient who has previously ingested glucose
stroma
connective and supportive tissue of an organ
colonic
pertaining to the colon
purgative
drug that relieves constipation and is a strong cathartic
radiosensitizers
drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to x-rays
kyphosis
abnormal condition of outward curvature (convexity) of the thoracic spine; humpback
beta blocker
drug used to treat high blood pressure and control heart rate
keratin
hard protein found in epidermis, hair, and nails
pilonidal cyst
abnormal sac containing hair and skin debris located near the tail bone
vestibulocochlear
pertaining to the vestibule and cochlea of the inner ear
ophthalmologist
medical doctor specializing in the diseases of the eye
absence seizure
minor form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness
corpus luteum
empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus)
acetabulum
rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint
cardiogenic shock
circulatory failure due to poor heart function
erythropenia
deficiency of red blood cells
defense mechanism
unconscious technique (coping mechanism) that a person uses to resolve or conceal conflicts and anxiety
antidiabetic
drug given to prevent or treat diabetes mellitus
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem leading to progressive muscular paralysis; Lou Gehrig diseaser
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the synovial joint
dehydration
excessive loss of water
inferior
below another structure; pertaining to the tail or lower portion of the body
pathologic
pertaining to producing disease
monocyte
white blood cell with one large nucleus; capable of engulfing foreign material and debris (phagocytosis)
monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues
computed tomography (CT)
cross-sectional x-ray imaging of an organ with or without contrast material
sebum
oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands in the skin
hyperacusis
excessive sensitivity to sounds
metatarsals
foot bones
polymyositis
inflammation of many muscles
infiltrate
collection of fluid or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan, or other radiologic image
fibrin
protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot
leukemia
blood condition of high of high numbers of malignant (cancerous) white blood cells
aqueous humor
fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber of the eye
encephalopathy
disease of the brain
electrocauterization
use of electricity to heat tissue during surgery to remove abnormal tissue growth
cerebellopontine
pertaining to the cerebellum and pons
oropharynx
central portion of the throat, just beyond the mouth
exophthalmometry
measurement of eyeball protrusion
congenital heart disease
structural heart defects that appear at birth
immunotherapy
cancer treatment using immune cells and antibodies to kill tumor cells
ex: CAR T-cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors
ovarian cysts
fluid-filled sacs within the ovary
syncope
fainting; temporary loss of consciousness
incus
small, anvil-shaped bone (ossicle) in the middle ear; second ossicle
pubic symphysis
junction of the two pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis
clavicle
collar bone
vein
thin-walled blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood from body tissues back to the heart
expectoration
coughing up of sputum (mucus) from the throat and respiratory tract
amnion
innermost membrane surrounding the embryo and fetus
labyrinth
maze-like series of canals of the inner ear; cochlea. vestibule. and semicircular canals
cachexia
general ill health (muscle wasting and weight loss) associated with severe, chronic disease, such as cancer
electroconvulsive therapy
electric current produces a convulsive seizure to treat mood disorders (depression or the depressive phase of bipolar disorder); used in patients who are resistant to drug therapy or when rapid response is needed
mastoiditis
inflammation and infection of the mastoid process just behind the ear
abscess
cavity containing pus surrounded by inflamed tissue; usually the result of localized infection
white blood cell differential
percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
hemoptysis
spitting up blood from the respiratory tract
receptor
organ that receives and transmits a stimulus to sensory nerves
ex: skin, ears, eyes, taste buds
in pharmacology, a receptor is a target substance with which a drug interacts in the body
supportive psychotherapy
treatment that involves offering encouragement and hope to patients facing difficult life transitions and events
medicinal chemistry
study of new drug synthesis and the relationship between the chemical structure of a drug and its biologic effect
duodenum
first part of the small intestine
hemoglobin
blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells
otoscopy
visual examination of the ear canal using an otoscope
ribs
twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall
atherectomy
removal of plaque (lipids and clots) that accumulate in the lining of an artery
cerebellar
pertaining to the cerebellum
cell-mediated immunity
T cells (cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor) responds to antigens and destroys them; a type of adaptive immunity
hallucinogen
substance that produces hallucinations
cannabis
plant substance from which marijuana is obtained
menorrhea
menstruation; monthly discharge of blood from the lining of the uterus
catecholamines
hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla
ex: epinephrine (adrenaline)
PET/CT scan
diagnostic procedure combining PET (positron emission tomography) and CT (computed tomography)
it is often used to detect metastatic cancer and determine if the cancer is responding to the treatment
lacrimation
production of tears
neurasthenia
lack of strength in nerves; a feeling of weakness and exhaustion
papillary
pertaining to nipple-like projections
a papillary tumor forms microscopic nipple-like or finger-like projections of cells
arrhythmia
irregular or abnormal heartbeat; literally without rhythm
testis
male gonad that produces sperm and the hormone, testosterone
primipara
woman who has given birth to her first child
acoustic
pertaining to hearing
syndrome of inappropriate ADH
excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) leading to water retention
angiography
x-ray imagining of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
cystocele
hernia of the urinary bladder
allergen
substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction; a type of antigen
pleural rub
scratchy sound produced by inflamed or irritated pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
alveolus (plural of alveoli)
individualized section of an air sac in the lung
urinary bladder
hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine
bursa (pl. bursae)
sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another
herpes zoster
viral infection affecting peripheral nerves; chicken pox virus or its reactivation (shingles)
rheumatoid factor test
serum (blood minus clotting proteins and cells) is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis
adrenal medulla
inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
lymph
thin, watery fluid that circulates within lymph vessels and lymph nodes
in vivo
process, test, or procedure performed, measured, or observed within a living organism
hypercholesterolemia
high levels of cholesterol in the blood
artery
largest type of blood vessel
cirrhosis
chronic, degenerative disease of the liver
plasma
liquid portion of blood containing proteins, water, salts, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and vitamins
transhepatic
pertaining to through or across the liver
tympanic membrane
membrane between the outer and middle ear; eardrum
endodontist
dentist specializing in the inner parts of a tooth
tranquilizer
drug that controls anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior
target tissue
cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones
foramen magnum
opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
pupillary
pertaining to the pupil of the eye
metaphysis
flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone and the epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone
pheochromocytoma
benign tumor of the adrenal medulla; cells stain a dark or dusky (phe/o) color (chrom/o) ‘
oxytocin
hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth
bulbourethral glands
pair of exocrine glands, located on either side of the male urethra, just below the prostate
they secrete fluid that becomes part of semen
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissues
palpitation
examining by touch
strabismus
abnormal deviation of the eye
ex: esotropia, exotropia
periodontal membrane
membrane that surrounds the tooth in the tooth socket
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy that is out of place (not in the uterus)
a fallopian tube is the most common ectopic site
testicular
pertaining to a testis or testicle
granulocyte
white blood cell with cytoplastic granules; neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil
flutter
rapid, but regular contractions of the heart muscle, usually of the atria
chrondromalacia
softening of cartilage
chondr/o = cartilage
coagulation
process of blood clotting
human immunodeficiency virus
virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS; HIV
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum (breastbone)
digestion
breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
adductor
muscle that draws a limb toward the body
diptheria
acute infection of the throat and respiratory tract caused by diphtheria bacteria; characterized by formation of a thick membrane that obstructs the throat and breathing
rhinoplasty
surgical repair of the nose
phimosis
narrowing of the opening of the foreskin over the glans penis
ataxia
without coordination
epilepsy
brain disorder marked by recurrent attacks (seizures) of abnormal nervous impulses
sulcus (pl. sulci)
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure
spinal cord
nervous tissue within the spinal cavity
microglial cell
phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system
pyrexia
fever
abdominocentesis
puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen
glomerulus (pl. glomeruli)
tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney
as blood flows through each glomerulus, waste materials and other substances are filtered from the bloodstream
gangrene
death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply
liposuction
removal of adipose (fatty) tissue with a suction pump device
cyst
thick-walled, closed sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid material
borborygmi
rumbling or gurgling noises produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
osteotomy
incision of a bone
hyperuricemia
increase in uric acid in the blood
nasal bones
two facial bones that form the nose
sacrum
large, triangular bone of the back (spine)
staging of tumors
system of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors
somatic symptom disorders
presence of physical symptoms that cannot be explained by an actual physical disorder or mental disorder such as depression
subcutaneous later
innermost layer of the skin, containing fat tissue
liver biopsy
removal of liver tissue followed by microscopic examination
enamel
hard, outermost layer of tooth
carcinoma
cancerous (malignant); tumor
blepharoptosis
sagging or drooping eyelid; ptosis
bleph/o = eyelids
-ptosis = drooping, falling, prolapse
ptosis alone can describe drooping of upper eyelids or the breasts
spinal nerves
pair of nerves, arising one on each side of the spinal column
they transmit messages to and from the spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves
sialolith
salivary gland stone; lodged in a salivary gland or duct
fasciotomy
incision of fascia
interstitial nephritis
inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules in the kidney
hilum
depression or hollow in the surface of an organ, such as the kidney and lung
it is the area where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the organ
antimiotics
drugs that block mitosis (cell devision); used to treat cancer
schizophrenia
psychosis marked by withdrawal form reality into an inner world of disorganized thinking and conflict
controlled substances
drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction
myeloid
relating to bone marrow and growth of cells originating in the bone marrow
facial bones
bones of the face; lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic bones
fiberoptic colonscopy
visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument (endoscope)
tolerance
ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly
once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body’s own cells
also in pharmacology tolerance is a drug action in which larger and larger doses must be given to achieve a desired effect
postauricular
pertaining to behind the ear
intrathecal
pertaining to within the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord
triglycerides
fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; chief form of lipids
salpingopharyngeal
pertaining to the eustachian tube and the throat
hysterectomy
removal of the uterus
sciatica
pain or inflammation along the course of the sciatic nerve
pleurodynia
pain associated with the pleura
pain in the chest wall muscles that is aggravated by breathin
pleur/o = double-layered membrane surrounding each lung
dynia = pain
esophageal varices
swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus
plateletpheresis
separation of platelets from the rest of the blood
fibrinogen
plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process
hemodialysis
removal of nitrogenous waste from the blood in patients whose kidneys have stopped functioning
blood leaves the body and circulates through a machine that removes wastes before sending the blood back into the body through the vein
claustrophobia
fear of closed-in places
astrocytoma
malignant brain tumor composed of astrocytes (glial cells)
nausea
unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb
red blood cell count
number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
necrotic
pertaining to death of cells
ecchymosis (pl. ecchymoses)
bleeding into the skin; a bruise
arachnoid membrane
middle layer of meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
dura mater
thick, outermost later of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord
iris
pigmented (colored) later of the eye
secondary tumors
new types of tumors, originating at a site separate from the primary tumor
nitrates
drugs used in the treatment of angina
they dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue
recombinant DNA
insertion of a gene (region of DNA) from one organism into the DNA of another
optical coherence tomography
non-invasive imaging technique using light waves to take cross-sectional pictures of the retina
steroid
complex, naturally occurring chemical, such as a hormone
anorexia
lack of appetite
osteogenesis imperfecta
genetic disorder involving defective bone development
bones are brittle and fragile caused by abnormal collagen production; fractures occur with the slightest trauma
osteotome
instrument to cut bone
gastrotomy
incision of the stomach
albuminuria
protein in the urine
cell body
part of the nerve cell (neuron) that contains the nucleus
miosis
contraction of the pupil of the eye
technetium Tc99M sestamibi scan
technetium Tc99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning
astigmatism
defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye
arthralgia
joint pain
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor of striated, voluntary muscle (attached to bones)
ligation
tying off a tube or blood vessel
rod
photoreceptor cell of the retina essential for vision in low light and for peripheral vision
empyema
pus in the pleural space (cavity); surrounding the lungs; pyothorax
cholesterol-binding drug
binds to dietary cholesterol and prevents its uptakes from the gastrointestinal tract
spondylosis
abnormal condition of the spine (vertebral column) characterized by stiffness and fixation of vertebral joints
lymphoid
gives rise to lymphocytes or to tissue in which lymphocytes develop
microcytosis
increased numbers of smaller than normal red blood cells
laser photocoagulation
intense, precisely focused light beam (argon laser) creates an inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky retinal blood vessels
ventricle
one of two lower chambers of the heart
visceral muscle
muscle that lines the walls of internal organs; smooth, involuntary muscle
stress test
exercise tolerance test (ETT) is used to determine the heart’s response to physical exertion
hormone
chemical secreted by an endocrine gland
peripheral vascular disease
blockage of blood vessels outside the heart
resection
removal (excision) of an organ or part of the body
amenorrhea
absence of menstrual flow
synapse
space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells
uterine prolapse
sagging or drooping of the uterus
sterilization
procedure that removes an individual’s ability to produce or release reproductive cells
angiotensin II receptor blocker
drug that lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
ulna
one or two bones in the lower arm; connects to the wrist on the little finger side
mononuclear
pertaining to a white blood cell with a single round nucleus; monocyte or lymphocyte
fetus
stage in prenatal development from 8 weeks to birth
estradiol
estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries
intervertebral
pertaining to between the vertebrae (backbones)
pharmacy
location for preparing and dispensing drugs
sideropenia
deficiency of iron in the blood
diverticula
small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of tubular organ such as the colon
xerophthalmia
condition of excessive dryness of the eye
agoraphobia
fear of open spaces; an anxiety disorder
subhepatic
pertaining to below the liver
prostate cancer
malignant tumor (adenocarcinoma) of the prostate gland
hyperthyroidism
condition of increased secretion of thyroid gland hormones
transvestic fetishism
wearing clothing of the opposite sex accompanied by recurrent and intense sexual arousal
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
gastric cancer
malignant tumor of the stomach
chondrosarcoma
malignant (cancerous) tumor of cartilage
chondr/o = cartilage
sarc = malignant tumor that arises from a type of flesh or connective tissue
teletherapy
radiation delivered to a tumor from a distant source, such as a linear accelerator or cyclotron
pubis
one of two bones forming the front portion of the pelvis
iatrogenic
pertaining to produced by a treatment or a procedure
contrast studies
radiopaque materials (contrast media) are injected to obtain contrast between tissues that would be indistinguishable from one another
articular cartilage
smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together at a joint
amniotic fluid
fluid contained within the amniotic sac surrounding the embryo and fetus
xenophobia
fear of strangers
homeostasis
tendency in an organism to return to a state of constancy and stability
presbycusis
progressive loss of hearing, occurring in middle and older age
caliectasis
dilation or widening of a calyx
this occurs when urine is backed up in the kidney as in hydronephrosis
invasive
heaving the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue
serum
plasma minus clotting proteins (prothrombin and fibrinogen) and clotting cells
voiding cystourethrogram
x-ray record of the urinary bladder and urethra taken while patient is urinating and after contrast material is injected retrograde through the urethra
Huntington disease
hereditary disorder affecting the cerebrum and involving abrupt, involuntary, jerking movements, and mental deterioration in later stages
neutrophil
white blood cell (granulocytic leukocyte) containing dark staining granules and protecting the body from infection
most abundant type of white blood cells
also called polymorphonuclear leukocyte
electromyography
recording the electrical activity of muscle tissue
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping (subluxation) of one vertebra over another
family therapy
treatment of an entire family to resolve and understand their conflicts and problems
thrombocytopenia
deficiency of clotting cells
adrenocorticotropic hormone
secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the adrenal cortex; ACTH
malleolar
pertaining to a malleolus
trachea
windpipe; tube leading from the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box) to the bronchial tubes
nephrologist
a specialist in the study of the kidneys
prenatal
pertaining to before birth
oxytocia
rapid labor and childbirth
atrioventricular block
failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
cholesteatoma
collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac within the middle ear
hypertrichosis
abnormal condition of excessive hair growth
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone and bone marrow secondary to (following ) infection
stromal tissue
supportive, connective tissue of an organ
pneumonia
acute inflammation and infection of the alveoli of the lungs
pneum/o =lung
-ia = condition
menorrhagia
abnormally heavy or long menstrual periods
trabeculoplasty
procedure using a laser beam to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma
interferons
proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response
radiolabeled compound
radiopharmaceutical; used in nuclear medicine studies
exostosis
bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone
eustachian tube
channel between the middle ear and the throat; auditory tube
idiosyncrasy
unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive individual, but not seen in most patients
gluconeogenesis
process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occur mainly in the liver
osteoblast
bone cell that helps form bony tissue
tendinosis
abnormal condition of tendons
audiometry
testing the sense of hearing
erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and fetus
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
ante cibum
before meals (abr: a.c.)
intraocular
pertaining to within the eye
fibular
pertaining to the fibula
anthracosis
abnormal condition of coal dust in the lungs; black lung disease
erythromycin
antibiotic that is extracted from a red mold
erythr/o = red
-mycin = mold
bronchospasm
involuntary muscular contractions in bronchial tubes leading to narrowing of the bronchii
stapedectomy
removal of the stapes (third middle ear bone)
sputum culture
sputum is collected and placed in a growth medium to analyze the type of microorganisms that may be present
papilledema
swelling of the optic disc; associated with increased pressure within the eye
antigen
foreign substance or toxin (poison) that stimulates the production of an antibody; evokes an immune response
renal pelvis
central collecting chamber of the kidney
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four limbs; both arms and both legs
patent ductus arteriosus
the ductus arteriosus, a small duct that is open during fetal circulation, fails to close at birth
sciatic nerve
extends from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot
sciatica is pain along the course of the nerve
seborrheic dermatitis
inflammation of the skin with excessive secretion from sebaceous glands
neurodevelopmental disorders
group of childhood disorders characterized by delays in the development of socialization and communication skills
ex: autistic spectrum disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
lithium
drug used to treat the manic episodes in bipolar disorder
carcinogens
substances the produce cancer
xanthoma
soft, yellowish, round nodule found on the eyelids; xanthelasma
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea of the eye
stapes
small, stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear; third ossicle
proctologist
specialist in the study of the anus and the rectum
tonsillar
pertaining to the tonsils
carcinoma in situ
early, localized form of cancer, confined to its site of origin
brachytherapy
placement of radioactive material (small sealed containers) in contact with or implanted into tumor tissue
pleural
pertaining to the pleura (double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs)
monoclonal antibody
antibody created in a laboratory by special reproductive (cloning) techniques; designed to attack specific cancer cells
it is useful in immunotherapy
acoustic neuroma
benign tumor arising from the acoustic nerve
fibroids
benign tumors of the uterus; leiomyomas
auricle
protruding part of the external ear; pinna
pelvic ultrasonography
recording images of sound waves as they bound off organs in the pelvic region
primiparous
pertaining to a woman who has given birth to her first child
platelet count
number of platelets per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (μL) of blood
calcitonin
hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; lowers calcium levels in the blood
organ of Corti
sensitive receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear
pulmonary embolism
clot or material from a distant vein that blocks a blood vessel in the lung
catabolism
cellular process of breaking down complex nutrients to simpler substances; energy is released to do the work of the cell
cata- = down
gastrointestinal drug
drug that treats conditions of the stomach and intestinal tract
stridor
strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx
cytotoxic T cell
lymphocyte that directly kills antigens; called CD8+ T cell
asthma
chronic inflammatory disorder, with airway obstruction due to bronchiolar edema, constriction, and increased mucus production
urea
major nitrogenous waste in urine
sonogram
image of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the body; echogram or ultrasound image
dilation and curettage
widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus; D&C
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine
sialadenitis
inflammation of salivary gland
anencephaly
congenital condition of partial or complete absence of brain matter
Haversian canals
minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone
apex of the heart
lower tip of the heart
narcissistic personality
characterized by grandiose sense of self-important or preoccupation with fantasies of success or power; self-love without empathy for others
hirsutism
excessive hair growth
biconvex
consisting of two surfaces that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly, like part of a sphere
ex: lens of the eye
toxin
poison or harmful substance
thrombolysis
destruction of a clot
gastrectomy
removal or excision of the stomach
mutagenic
pertaining to producing a mutation
lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
dependent personality
personality disorder marked by an excessive need to be taken care of and a pattern of submissive and clinging behavior
heart block
abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly (bradycardia) because of interruption of electrical signals
acromion
outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder
cerebral concussion
type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head
osteitis
inflammation of bone
meatal stenosis
narrowing of the meatus (opening) leading from the urethra to the outside of the body
refraction
bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina
striated muscle
muscle attached to bones; composed of bands of fibers that make the muscle look striped (striated)
also called voluntary or skeletal muscle
side effect
adverse effect that routinely results from the use of a drug
albumin
major protein found in blood
cholangiopancreatography
x-ray recording of bile vessels (ducts) and the pancreas after administration of contrast material directly into bile and pancreatic ducts
rhytidectomy
plastic surgery to remove wrinkles and other signs of aging
pelvic
pertaining to the pelvis
diaphysis
shaft or mid-portion of a long bone
hypothalamus
region of the brain lying below the thalamus, but above the pituitary gland
it stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete and release hormones
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of striated, voluntary muscle
pyelolithotomy
incision to remove a stone from the renal pelvis of the kidney
ependymal cell
glial cell that lines the membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid
vulvovaginitis
inflammation of the vulva and vagina
immunoglobulin
protein (globulin) with antibody activity
ex: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
stethoscope
instrument for listening to sounds in the chest
hallucination
false or unreal sensory perception; hearing voices and seeing things
morphology
study of the shape or form of cells
cognitive behavioral therapy
changing behavior patterns and responses by training and repetition and learning how thinking patterns cause symptoms, such as anger, anxiety, and depression
plateletpheresis
separation of platelets from the withdrawn blood
pyromania
strong impulse (obsessive urge) to set objects on fire
causalgia
intense burning pain, often resulting from injury to a peripheral nerve
hemarthrosis
condition of blood in a joint
diffuse
spread over a wide area
myelopathy
disease of the spinal cord
arteriole
small artery
pelvic cavity
space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs
relapse
sliding or falling back; as in return of illness after apparent recovery
dermis
middle later of the skin
petechia (pl. petechiae)
small pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin
fraternal twins
two infants resulting from fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm cells
liver function tests
tests for the presence of liver enzymes and bilirubin in blood or serum (clear fluid that remains after blood has clotted)
parenteral administration
drugs or nourishment are given intravenously (within the vein), or by any other route besides the intestinal tract
CT urography
x-ray images using computed tomography show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney
trigeminal neuralgia
flashes of stab-like pain along the trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve)
the trigeminal nerve has branches to the eye, upper jaw, and lower jaw
estrogenic
pertaining to producing estrogen
dysthymia
depressive episodes, but not of the same intensity or duration as major depression
narcotic
habit-forming drug that relieves pain by producing stupor and insensibility; morphine and opium
hypoinsulinism
deficient production of insulin (pancreatic hormone)
thrill
vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery)
urination
process of expelling urine; voiding; micturition
down syndrome
chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) that results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes
stricture
narrowing of a tubular structure in the body
acute lymphoid leukemia
malignant, immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) multiply in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system
pneumonectomy
removal of a lung
caffeine
central nervous system stimulant
pleural effusion
collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
palatine tonsil
one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue at the back of the mouth (oral pharynx)
otosclerosis
hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear
macule
flat, pigmented lesion on the skin measuring less than 1 cm in diameter
ex: freckles, tattoo marks, flat moles
endometriosis
abnormal condition of endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
radioresistant tumor
tumor cells that require large doses of radiation to be destroyed
glial cell
supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses
ex: astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
glial cells can reproduce themselves, as opposed to neurons
lumbosacral
pertaining to the lumbar and sacral regions of the back
avoidant personality
personality disorder marked by a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
hemoglobinopathy
disease or defect of hemoglobin production
ex: sickle cell anemia
lumbar regions
right and left middle abdominopelvic regions near the waist
gigantism
hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues
retinitis pigmentosa
inflammation of the retina with pigmentation and progressive scarring of tissue
secondary hypertension
high blood pressure caused by kidney disease or other disorders
patella
kneecap
atheroma
mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery
radionuclide scans
radioactive substances (radionuclides) are intravenously and scans (images) are taken of organs
humoral immunity
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens
type of adaptive immunity
cystostomy
new opening of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
patent
open
myelomeningocele
congenital hernia (protrusion) of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect (gap) in the vertebral column
this defect is associated with spina bifida
magnetic resonance imagining
magnetic waves and radio waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body; MRI
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass and strength; associated with aging
toxic
pertaining to a toxin (a poisonous or harmful substance)
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
myel/o = spinal cord
-itis = inflammation
midbrain
uppermost portion of the brainstem
testes
two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion
mandibular
pertaining to the lower jaw bone
myocardium
muscular layer of the heart
hyperglycemia
high levels of sugar in the bloodstream; associated with diabetes mellitus
lithotripsy
process of using high-energy sound waves to crush a stone within the kidney or ureter
rheumatic heart disease
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
pylorospasm
involuntary contraction of muscles at the pyloric sphincter
meniscus
crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure which provides cushion for a joint (such as the knee)
epiphysis
each end of a long bone
vas deferens
narrow tube (one on each side) that carries sperm form the epididymis into the body, around the urinary bladder toward the urethra
hypertensive heart disease
high blood pressure affecting the heart
hypertensive retinopathy
disease of the retina due to high blood pressure
afferent nerves
carry nervous impulses toward the brain and spinal cord; sensory nerves
af- = toward
ferent = carrying or bearing
in a physiological context, afferent nerves carry sensory signals toward the central nervous system from the peripheral parts of the body
tracheostomy
new opening of the trachea to the outside of the body
trache/o = trachea (windpipe)
-stomy = opening to form a mouth (stoma)
en bloc resection
removal of a tumor with a large area of surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes
nystagmus
repetitive, rhythmic movements of one or both eyes
antinauseant
drug that relieves nausea and vomiting; antiemetic
radioimmunoassay
test combines radioactive chemicals and antibodies to detect minute quantities of substances in a patient’s blood
biphosphonate
drug that prevents bone loss in osteoporosis and osteopenia
extension
increasing the angle between two bones; straightening out a limb
cholecystojejunostomy
formation of a new opening between the gallbladder and the jejunum (second part of the small intestine); an anastomosis
premolar teeth
two teeth before the molars
sinoatrial node
sensitive nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium of the heart; pacemaker
luteinizing hormone
secreted by the pituitary gland (anterior lobe); stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males
epigastric region
middle upper abdominopelvic region (above the stomach)
hypercalcemia
high levels of calcium in blood
fascia
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscle
severe combined immunodeficiency disease
condition present at birth marked by a deficiency of B cells and T cells resulting in a lack of immunity
anticonvulsant
drug that prevents convulsions and seizures
incisional biopsy
piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis
acetone
a type of ketone body formed when fatty acids are broken down in the liver
carcinogenic
pertaining to producing cancer
metamorphosis
condition of change or shape or form
nephrolithotomy
incision of the kidney to remove a stone
mammogram
record (x-ray) of the breast
inframammary
pertaining to below the breast
external beam radiation
radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source, such as a machine (linear accelerator)
articulation
any type of joint
ischial
pertaining to the ischium (posterior portion of the hip bone)
tracer studies
radionuclides are attached to chemicals, used as tags or makers, and follower as they travel through the body
lacrimal
pertaining to tears
epistaxis
nosebleed
jejunum
second part of the small intestine
hypophysis
pituitary gland
delirium
acute episodes of confused thinking, disorientation, agitation, and fearfulness
this usually is a reversible impairment
audiometer
healthcare professional specializing in the evaluation and rehabilitation of people with hearing loss
normal sinus rhythm
normal heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node; usually 60 to 100 beats per minutes
T cell
lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens
diaphragm
muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities
the diaphragm moves up and down and aids in breathing
thrombotic occlusion
blockage of a blood vessel caused by thrombosis or clot formation
post-traumatic stress disorder
anxiety-related symptoms appear after personal experience of a traumatic event
motor nerve
carries impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles
viral oncogenes
pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant
mitochondria
rod-shaped structures in the cytoplasm of the cell that provide principal source of energy; catabolism occurs in mitochondria
CATabolism and Mitochondria = cat and mouse
pia mater
thin, delicate membrane of the meninges
gallbladder
small sac under the liver; stores bile
cor pulmonale
enlargement of the right side of the heart due to lung disease
mucinous
pertaining to cystic tumors filled with mucus
progestin
hormone that stimulates the uterine lining during pregnancy and is used in treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and hormone replacement therapy
thoracic
pertaining to the chest
urography
taking x-ray images of the urinary tract after injecting contrast
flatus
gas expelled through the anus
hemolytic anemia
reduction in erythrocytes due to excessive destruction of red blood cells
osteogenic
pertaining to produced in or by bone
parathormone
secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium
mastitis
inflammation of a breast
differentiation
specialization of cells from immature to mature forms
mitosis
cell division or replication of cells; creation of two identical daughter cells from a parent cell
bronchioles
small bronchial tubes
sputum
material expelled from the chest by coughing or by clearing the throat; phlegm
leptomeningitis
inflammation of the two thinner membranes (arachnoid and pia mater) surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Wilms tumor
malignant neoplasm (tumor) of the kidney that occurs in childhood
pyothorax
pus collection in the pleural cavity; empyema
fugue
flight from customary surrounding; dissociative disorder
prosthesis
artificial substitute for a missing body part
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart
radiculitis
inflammation of a spinal nerve root
streptococcus (pl. streptococci)
berry or spherical shaped bacterium in a twisted chain formation
biliary
pertaining to bile or bile ducts
bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum)
atopy
intense allergic reaction (such as asthma) influenced by hereditary tendency or predisposition
hypertension
high blood pressure
progesterone
hormone secreted by the ovaries; maintains the lining of the uterus during pregnancy
hematopoietic stem cell transplant
peripheral stem cells found in blood of a compatible donor are administered into the vein of a recipient
uric acid test
measurement of uric acid in serum; high levels are associated with gouty arthritis
wasting syndrome
weight loss and decrease in muscle strength, appetite, and mental activity that occurs with AIDs
cephalic
pertaining to the head
myopia
nearsightedness; vision condition in which close objects are seen more clearly than objects that are far
lactiferous ducts
tubes that carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple
basophil
white blood cell containing granules that stain blue (With a basic dye); associated with release of histamine and heparin
rhinitis
inflammation of the nose
endothelium
innermost lining of blood vessels
medial
pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body
orthodontist
dentist specializing in straightening teeth
oblique
positioned at an angle; an x-ray view
adenoidectomy
removal of the adenoids
mesenchymal
pertaining to embryonic connective tissue from which all connective tissues arise
sarcomas are tumors of connective tissues that arise originally from mesenchymal cells
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis
immunohistochemistry
localizing antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies
lower gastrointestinal series
x-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into the rectum; barium enema
catatonia
immobility, muscular rigidity, and mutism induced by a psychologic disorder such as schizophrenia
computerized tomography angiography
computed tomography technique to visualize arterial and venous vessels throughout the body
epidermolysis
loosening of outer layer of the skin with formulation of large blisters (bullae)
gynecology
study of the disorders of the female reproductive system
spina bifida
congenital defect in the lumbar spinal column cause by imperfect union of vertebral parts; spinal cord and meninges may herniate through the vertebral gap
duodenal
pertaining to the duodenum
adenocarcinoma
cancerous tumor of glandular tissue
ankylosis
immobility (fusion) of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure
gonad
female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones
dentin
primary material found in teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown
tympanoplasty
surgical repair of the eardrum
tubal litigation
blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring
coccygeal
pertaining to the tailbone or coccyx
vasoconstriction
narrowing of a blood vessel
accommodation
normal adjustment of the eye to focus on object from far to near
opportunistic infections
infectious diseases associated with AIDS; toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, herpes simplex, and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia pneumonia (PCP)
ophthalmoplegia
paralysis of muscles that move the eyeball
renal transplantation
surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient
olecranon
large process on the proximal end of the ulna at the elbow
intrinsic factor
substance normally found in gastric (stomach) juice that helps absorption of vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
pericardiocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid within the pericardial space surrounding the heart
dysphonia
abnormal voice or sound produced when speaking
optic chiasm
point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain
antiulcer
drug that inhibits the secretion of acid by cells lining the stomach
trigone
triangular area in the urinary bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits
sodium
chemical element (Na) necessary for cellular functioning
as an electrolyte (Na+), its blood and urine levels are regulated by the kidney
myositis
inflammation of the eardrum
ureteroplasty
surgical repair of ureter
pons
part of the brainstem anterior to the cerebellum, between the medulla and the rest of the brain
the pons connects the upper and lower portions of the brain
prepuce
fold of skin covering the glans penis; foreskin
neoadjuvant chemotherapy
treatment of disease with drugs to assist or enhance before primary treatment, to reduce the size of the tumor
serum calcium
measurement of calcium level in serum (blood minus clotting proteins and cells)
hematopoietic stem cell
cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
thrombosis
abnormal condition of clot formation in a blood vessel
erectile dysfunction
inability of an adult male to achieve an erection; impotence
amnesia
loss of memory
Lyme disease
chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia, and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick
genetic screening
family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene
base of the lung
lower portion of the lung
globulin
plasma protein
ex: alpha, beta. and gamma (immune) globulins
puberty
period of adolescence at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced
dopamine
neurotransmitters in the central nervous system; deficient in patients with Parkinson disease
cerebrum
largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory, among other functions
myxedema
decreased secretion of the thyroid gland in adults
stem cell transplantation
stem cells (immature blood cells) are harvested from the bloodstream of a patient and then reinfused after the patient has received chemotherapy
nevus (pl. nevi)
mole (pigmented lesion of the skin)
muscular dystrophy
group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system
nulligravida
woman who has never been pregnant
interventional radiology
therapeutic procedures performed by a radiologist
lateral
pertaining to the side
anhidrosis
absence of sweating
hemianopsia
absence of vision for one half, right or left, of an individual’s field of vision
caliceal
pertaining to a calyx (cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis)
antimicrobial
agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth
multigravida
woman has has been pregnant more than once
spleen
organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood
mental
pertaining to the mind
neuropathy
disease of nerves; primarily in the peripheral nervous system
pharyngeal
pertaining to the pharynx (throat)
oligomenorrhea
scanty menstrual flow
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx (voice box)
shingles
viral (herpes zoster) illness that affects peripheral nerves; produces blisters and pain on the skin overlying the path of peripheral nerves
facial
pertaining to the face
virus
infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself
microcephaly
condition of smaller than normal head; a congenital anomaly
cecal volvulus
abnormal twisting of the cecum (first part of the colon)
esophagus
tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach
eso- = within/inward
phag/o = to eat, swallow
-us = structure, substance
ketosis
accumulation of large quantities of ketone bodies (acetones) in the blood; ketoacidosis
meconium aspiration syndrome
abnormal inhalation of meconium produced by a fetus or newborn
delirium tremens
anxiety, confusion in thinking, and tremors associated with the withdrawal from excessive and habitual use of alcohol
renal artery
blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney
antibiotic
chemical substance that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body
endocrinologist
medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders
ovary
one of two small glands (female reproductive organs) responsible for egg production and hormone (estrogen and progesterone) secretion
sedative
drug that induces calmness, promotes sleep, and helps lessen anxiety
oxygen
gas inhaled and entering the bloodstream through the lungs
platelet count
number of platelets per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (μL) of of blood
intrauterine device
device inserted by a physician into the uterus to prevent pregnancy; IUD
medullary tumor
large, fleshy tumor
anxiolytic
drug that relieves anxiety and produces a relaxing effect
hyperinsulinism
increased secretion of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas
neutrophilia
increased numbers of neutrophils
distal
far from the point of attachment to the trunk of the body or far from the beginning of a structure
apoptosis
programmed cell death
paranasal sinus
one of a pair of air cavities in the bones near the nose
tendon
fibrous, connective tissue binding muscles to bones
cochlear
pertaining to the chochlea
celiac
pertaining to the abdomen
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head
diplopia (dip-LO-pe-ah)
double vision
vasodilator
drug that widens blood vessels
aura
peculiar sensation appearing before more definite symptoms
bradykinesia
slow movement
fertilization
union of the egg (ovum) and sperm
penile
pertaining to the penis
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles (canals) of the brain
myalgia
muscle pain
bronchus (pl. bronchi)
branch of the trachea that leads toward the air sacs of the lung
urinary incontinence
involuntary passage of urine
embolus (pl. emboli)
clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel
