Structural heart defects Flashcards
in Tetralogy of Fallot, what four pathologies of the heart are there?
what is an “overriding aorta”?
The term “overriding aorta” refers to the fact that the entrance to the aorta (the aortic valve) is placed further to the right than normal, above the ventricular septal defect (VSD). This means that when the right ventricle contracts and sends blood upwards, the aorta is in the direction of travel of that blood, therefore a greater proportion of deoxygenated blood enters the aorta from the right side of the heart.
these two defects are present in tetralogy of Fallot
what causes cyanosis?
deoxygenated blood entering systemic circulation. happens in tetralogy of Fallot due to VSD.
what shape might the heart look in an x-ray of a child with Tetralogy of Fallot? (in exams and apparently not in real life)
“boot shaped”
what are “tet spells” in tetralogy of Fallot?
periods where the right to left shunt gets temporarily worsened, typically leads to a cyanotic episode
what can cause a “tet spells”?
anything that causes an increase in pulmonary resistance or a drop in systemic vascular resistance.
Zero to finals gives a nice causative example.
what’s the definitive treatment for tetralogy of Fallot
total surgical repair by open heart surgery (mortality is around 5%) - 90% will survive until adulthood with surgery
in neonates, what infusion can be given to maintain the ductus arteriosis?
prostaglandin infusion
what can happen to nails in tetralogy of Fallot?
clubbing
what condition is associated with coarctation of the aorta?
clinical sign of coarctation of the aorta?
what drug can be used to keep the ductus arteriosus patent in heart failure whilst awaiting surgery for a coarctation of the aorta?
what syndrome can atrial and ventricular septal defects lead to?
what two syndromes are associated with VSD?
what murmur is heard in VSD?
what are the two most common congenital heart defects?
when should antibiotics be considered in VSD?
what is Eisenmenger syndrome?
what murmur is heard in ASD?
what happens to the second heart sound in ASD and why?
what can happen when someone with an ASD has a DVT?
what are the three most common types of ASD?
what drugs should be used in adults with ASD/VSD?
what are the two main treatments for PDA?
what prostaglandin is responsible for keeping the ductus arteriosus patent?
which two NSAIDs can be given to close a PDA?
