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Mining Engineering 3 > Structural Geology (Done) > Flashcards

Structural Geology (Done) Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the architecture of the rocks resulting to its deformation. It is also concerned with solids and its interaction with fluids.

A

Structural Geology

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2
Q

It deals with the forces and movements that caused the deformation.

A

Tectonics

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3
Q

A general term referring to all changes in the original orientation or form of a rock body.

A

Deformation

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4
Q

The changes in a rock that is recoverable going back to its original form once the stress is released.

A

Elastic Deformation

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5
Q

This occurs once elastic limit has surpassed and rock fractures to smaller pieces.

A

Brittle Deformation

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6
Q

This refers to objects that ruptures before any significant plastic deformation takes place.

A

Brittle Substances

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7
Q

A solid-state flow that produces a change in shape of an object without fracturing.

A

Ductile Deformation/ Plastic Deformation

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8
Q

These refer to objects that undergo plastic deformation before rupturing.

A

Ductile Substances

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9
Q

A vector quantity that changes or teds to produce changes in the section of the body defined by a magnitude and a direction.

A

Force

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10
Q

A force that causes motion

A

Unbalanced Force

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11
Q

A force that maintains equilibrium in a given body.

A

Balanced Force

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12
Q

The rate in change of velocity

A

Acceleration

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13
Q

It a type of confining pressure that increases along with depth.

A

Lithostatic Pressure

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14
Q

The mutual action and reaction of various forces exerted on a rock per unit area

A

Stress

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15
Q

This refers to forces applied is perpendicular to the area element

A

Normal Stress

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16
Q

It refers to the stress that squeezes and shortens a rock mass.

A

Compressive Stress

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17
Q

It refers that pull apart or elongates a body.

A

Tensile Stress

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18
Q

The force is tangential to the area element.

A

Shear Stress

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19
Q

The algebraic difference between the greatest stress and the least stress at a given point.

A

Stress Difference

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20
Q

The increase in confining pressure causes _______________ in volume but an increase in density.

A

Decrease

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21
Q

It is the balancing of internal forces in an area across a surface element with the material created due to deformation.

A

Stress

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22
Q

In what plane orientation if the associated stresses could either be compressive or tensile

A

Horizontal Plane

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23
Q

In what plane orientation where stresses resolved into normal or tangential components.

A

Inclined Plane

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24
Q

A unitless concept where the deformation caused by stress either changing its volume, form, or both

A

Strain

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25
Q

When _____ is exerted to the body, it exhibits inverse relationship to the body’s volume and form.

A

Confining Pressure

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26
Q

The property of a material on how it easily stretches and deforms.

A

Young’s Modulus/ Modulus of Elasticity

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27
Q

It states that the strain is proportional to stress within the elastic limit of that solid.

A

Hooke’s Law

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28
Q

The limiting factor before the object turns plastic. If value is below the elastic limit, it follows the Hooke’s Law.

A

Elastic Limit

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29
Q

A strain associated with changes in length in the direction of respective stresses.

A

Normal Strain

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30
Q

Deformation is subjected to an applied force or stresses in the same direction as its original length.

A

Longitudinal Strain/ Transverse Strain

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31
Q

The deformation where the load is applied or on the same axis as the applied load.

A

Lateral Strain

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32
Q

The strain fails through rupture.

A

Brittle Strain

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33
Q

The strain that causes changes in shape with no changes in volume.

A

Shear Strain

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34
Q

The strain with no changes in shape but has significant changes in its volume

A

Dilatation Strain

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35
Q

The displacement between individual grains caused by compression

A

Inter-granular Movements

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36
Q

The displacement within the individual crystals and slipping takes place along glide planes.

A

Intra-granular Movements

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37
Q

It states that a mineral grain possesses a greater solubility under high stress than it does under low stress.

A

Reicke’s Principle

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38
Q

The ratio between the transverse strain over axial strain; lateral strain to longitudinal strain

A

Poisson Ratio

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39
Q

The pressure that causes rupture

A

Strength

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40
Q

Rocks that are deeply buried are held together by immense pressure and tend to _________ than fractured.

A

Flow

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41
Q

The highest stress in a stress-strain curve

A

Ultimate Strength

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42
Q

A stress in a material that is able to withstand under given condition without rupturing or deforming.

A

Fundamental Strength

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43
Q

The following are factors that affect the behavior of materials:

A

(1) Confining Pressure
(2) Rock Type
(3) Temperature
(4) Time
(5) Viscosity
(6) Solutions
(7) Pore Pressure
(8) Anisotropy and Inhomogeneity

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44
Q

Relationship between Structural Geology and Geomorphology

A

It gives light in studying regions of recent tectonic activity and even past activities.

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45
Q

Relation between Structural Geology and Geochemistry

A

The use of chemistry in solving geology problems and it overlaps with other fields such as mineralogy, petrology, and weathering studies.

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46
Q

The force necessary to balance two or more forces

A

Equilibriant

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47
Q

The single force that produces the same result as two or more forces.

A

Resultant Forces

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48
Q

The process of finding the resultant of two or more forces.

A

Composition of Forces

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49
Q

The process of finding the components of a single force.

A

Resolution of Forces

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50
Q

The weight of the column of rock of a given height will be several times ________ than the weight of a column of water of the same height.

A

Greater

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51
Q

To prevent rotation and preserve equilibrium in a couple, _______ is necessary.

A

A second couple

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52
Q

Increase in Confining Pressure, Decreases the Volume of the Body, thus the Dilation is ____________.

A

Dilation is negative

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53
Q

Ductile substances may _________ rupture gigen that a longer interval of plastic deformation takes place.

A

Never Rupture

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54
Q

Most rocks are brittle under ___________

A

Room Temperature and Pressures

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55
Q

The resistance to change in shape

A

Rigidity Modulus

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56
Q

It is the 3D orientation of the fold feature.

A

Attitude

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57
Q

A trend measured on a horizontal surface. The line of interscetion between the planar feature and a horizontal plane.

A

Strike

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58
Q

The dip is measured in a vertical plane that strikes at ___________ to the strike of the bedding.

A

90°

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59
Q

The dip measured in a vertical plane not perpendicular to the strike.

A

Apparent Dip

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60
Q

The maximum angle that a geological surface declines away from a horizontal plane measured in a vertical plane that is perpendicular to the strike.

A

True Dip

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61
Q

The deviation of a plane from the vertical.

A

Hade

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62
Q

An angle a line makes with the horizontal line in that plane.

A

Rake

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63
Q

A stack of originally planar structure bent during permanent deformation which is aresult of compressional stresses thah result in the shortening and thickening of the crust.

A

Fold

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64
Q

The line of maximum curvature of a fold.

A

Hinge

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65
Q

The surface connecting all the hinges defined by its strike and dip.

A

Axial Plane

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66
Q

The line parallel to the hinges to generate a fold.

A

Axis

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67
Q

The sides of the fold extending from the axial plane to the next.

A

Limbs

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68
Q

The line along the highest part of fold or line connecting points on the same bed.

A

Crest

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69
Q

The line at the lowest part of the fold or line connecting lowest points on the same bed.

A

Trough

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70
Q

The vertical angle between horizontal plane and axis or line of maximum elongation.

A

Plunge

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71
Q

(1) Convergence of 2 Plates
(2) Intrusions
(3) Folding due to Differential Compression

~ Due to tangential compression

A

Causes of Folds due to Tectonic Process

72
Q

(1) Cambering
(2) Valley Bulging
(3) Glacial Ice
(4) Solution
(5) Collapse Structures

~ Due to differential Compression

A

Causes of Folding due to Non-tectonic Processes

73
Q

It happens where competent layers don’t change their thicknesses and incompetent layers are marked by cleavage sets parallel to fold axial surface.

A

Flexure Folding/ True Folding

74
Q

This results from minute displacements along closely spaced fractures.

A

Shear Folding/ Slip Folding

75
Q

It is similar to shear folding except slip planes are close. The deformation is analogous to lamellar flow fluids.

A

Flow Folding

76
Q

It is a large-scale stretching, tilting or rotation of more competent blocks over less competent strata such as clays, mudstones or shales. It causes folding

A

Cambering

77
Q

The incompetent material is forced up into a valley by the weight of the hill masses on either side.

A

Valley Bulging

78
Q

(1) Difference in attitude at different localities
(2) Areal Map Pattern
(3) Subsurface Exploration
(4) Subsurface Studies by Geophysical Methods (Usually by Mine Studies)

A

The following information are used to deduce a fold.

79
Q

A fold which convex upward with older rocks at the center.

A

Anticline

80
Q

The anticlines related to extensional normal faults

A

Rollover Anticlines

81
Q

The outcrop pattern of an anticline points to the direction of its plunge and the opposite is true for a __________.

A

Syncline

82
Q

It concaves upwards with younger rocks the center.

A

Syncline

83
Q

A fold where the axial surface ks vertical and upright

A

Symmetrical Fold

84
Q

The axial surface is inclined and both limbs dip in the same direction at different angles.

A

Asymmetrical Fold

85
Q

A fold rotated more than 90°. The normal limb is one that is right-side up.

A

Overturned Fold

86
Q

A fold where the axial plane is horizontal.

A

Recumbent Fold

87
Q

The curved part of the fold between normal and inverted limbs similar to a hinge.

A

Arch Bend

88
Q

These are subsidiary recumbent anticlinal folds sticking out of the recumbent fold

A

Digitations

89
Q

A fold where two limbs dip at equal angles in the same direction

A

Isoclinal Fold

90
Q

These are folds where the hinges are sharp and angular.

A

Chevron Fold

91
Q

A fold where the crest is broad and flat; hinges are present with one on both sides of the flat crest.

A

Box Fold

92
Q

A fold where both limbs are overturned due to competent layers enclosed in a matrix of low competence.

A

Fan Fold/ Ptygmatic Folds

93
Q

The bedding is relatively flat with a strata assuming a steeper dip. These are the result of reactivation of steep, dipping faults located in the basement rocks beneath the plateau

A

Monocline

94
Q

A fold with one inclination with strata dip in one direction at a relatively uniform angle.

A

Homocline

95
Q

A fold formed in an area where dipping strata locally assume a horizontal attitude.

A

Structural Terrace

96
Q

A fold where the deformation has heen successfully intense to cause flowage.

A

Closed Fold/ Tight Fold

97
Q

A fold where the flowage has not taken place.

A

Open Fold

98
Q

This occurs when competent bed slides past an incompetent bed especially in overthrust blocks.

A

Drag Folds

99
Q

These are anticlines which a mobile core has broken through the more brittle overlying rocks.

A

Piercing Folds/ Diapir Folds

100
Q

These develop if the fold and sedimentation happened simultaneously.

A

Supratenuous Folds

101
Q

An anticlinal uplift with no distinct trend

A

Basin

102
Q

A synclinal depression thag has no distinct trend. A large-scale structural formation of rock strata formed by tectonic warping of previously flat-lying strata.

A

Basin

103
Q

A fold shown in a map as a concentrically arranged contour patterns whose amplitude decreases to zero in a regular fashion in two directions

A

Periclinal Fold

104
Q

These refer to folds that do not have any stratigraphic succession.

A

Antiforms/ Synforms

105
Q

The axes of these folds plunge directly down to the dip of axial surface.

A

Reclined Folds

106
Q

A major anticline composed of smaller folds

A

Anticlinorium

107
Q

A large syncline composed of smaller folds

A

Synclinorium

108
Q

There is an abrupt change in the fold profile when passing from one folded surface to another.

A

Disharmonic Folding

109
Q

A sheet of sedimentary rocks where they break loose from teh underlying formation and fold independently.

A

Décollement

110
Q

These are fractures that lack visible movement parallel to the surface plane of the structure and lack appreciable deformation.

A

Joints

111
Q

It refers to the family of parallel, evenly-spaced joints.

A

Joint Set

112
Q

It consists of two or more intersection joint sets

A

Joint System

113
Q

These occur by the displacement of adjacent blocks perpendicular to the fracture plane.

A

Extensional Fractures

114
Q

The displacement of adjacent blocks parallel to the fracture plane.

A

Shear Fracture

115
Q

Joints arise from brittle fractures due to ___________ either imposed outside or shrinkage due to cooling of a rock body whose outside boundaries remained fixed.

(Tensile stress/ Shear Stress/ Compressive Stress)

A

Tensile stress

116
Q

These are irregular in form, spacing, orientation that they cannot be group to distinctive joint-sets.

A

Non-systematic Joints

117
Q

These are occurring in patterns and perpendicular to the boundaries of the rock unit.

A

Systematic Joint

118
Q

These are roughly parallel to fold axes and fan around the fold.

A

Longitudinal Joints

119
Q

These are approximately perpendicular to fold axes.

A

Cross Joints

120
Q

These occur as conjugate joint sets trending oblique to fold axes; lies between the strike and the dip direction.

A

Diagonal Joints

121
Q

It strikes parallel or essentially parallel to the strike of the bed.

A

Strike Joints

122
Q

It strikes or essentially parallel to the direction in which the bedding, schistocity, or a structure dips.

A

Dip Joints

123
Q

It cuts across the axial plane of a fold.

A

Cross-Strike Joints

124
Q

It joins together at triple junctions either at or about 120˚ which is a result of cooling during basaltic flow and other extrusive and intrusive rocks.

A

Columnar Joints

125
Q

This occurs when relative displacement of joint walls is normal to its plane due to brittle deformation in response to regional or local tectonics

A

Tectonic Joints

126
Q

This occurs when pore fluid pressure becomes elevated as a result of vertical gravitational loading

A

Hydraulic Joints

127
Q

It is restricted to massively exposed rock faces in a deeply eroded landscape

A

Exfoliation Joints

128
Q

These arise near surface when bedded sedimentary rocks are brought closer during uplift and erosion

A

Unloading Joints/ Release Joints

129
Q

These are column joints from cooling of lava or flood basalt flows

A

Cooling Joints

130
Q

These are joints formed from pressure-solution along surfaces due to compressive stress acting across the joint.

A

Stylolite Joints

131
Q

A planar fracture where there was a significant displacement as a result of tectonic movements.

A

Faults

132
Q

The plane representing the fault’s fracture surface

A

Fault Plane

133
Q

The zone of crushed rock along a single fault

A

Fault Zone/ Cluster of Parallel Faults

134
Q

A part of the faults where it can be mapped/ seen on surface

A

Fault Trace/ Fault Line/ Fault Outcrop

135
Q

It is the vertical displacement between Hanging Wall and Foot Wall.

A

Throw

136
Q

The horizontal displacement between Hanging Wall and Foot Wall

A

Heave

137
Q

It indicates the relative displacement of formerly adjacent points on opposite sides of fault.

A

Slip

138
Q

It refers to the total displacement in the fault.

A

Net Slip

139
Q

It is the component of net slip measured parallel to the dip of the fault.

A

Dip Slip

140
Q

A component of net slip measured parallel to the strike of the fault.

A

Strike Slip

141
Q

It is the component of net slip parallel to the trace of the bed.

A

Trace Slip

142
Q

An angle a line makes with horizontal line in the fault plane.

A

Rake

143
Q

The displacement on the opposite sides of fault and outside of the dislocated zone.

A

Shift

144
Q

The distance between two parts of disrupted horizon measured in any direction.

A

Separation

145
Q

The offset is horizontal with little vertical motion; parallel to fault trace.

A

Strike Slip Faults/ Wrench Faults/ Tear Fault/ Longitudinal Fault

146
Q

It refers to faults with a left-lateral movement

A

Sinistral Fault

147
Q

It refers to faults with a right-lateral movement

A

Dextral Fault

148
Q

These are fault along plate boundary

A

Transform Fault

149
Q

A fault where the offset is vertical and/or perpendicular to fault trace

A

Dip-Slip Faults

150
Q

A low-angle normal faults with regional tectonic significance. These form a major boundary between the rocks below which exhibit ductile deformation and the top, brittle deformation.

A

Detachment Fault

151
Q

A fault combining the dip-slip and strike-slip motions.

A

Oblique Slip Faults

152
Q

A strike-slip fault that is parallel to the bedding.

A

Bedding Fault

153
Q

A fault that strikes obliquely or diagonally to the strike of the adjacent rocks.

A

Diagonal Fault

154
Q

These are short faults that overlap each other

A

En echelon Fault

155
Q

These are circular/ arcuate faults making a circular area.

A

Peripheral Fault

156
Q

These are parallel faults where downthrown is in the same direction

A

Step Fault

157
Q

These are faults found within collapsed calderas.

A

Ring Faults

158
Q

A fault where the hanging wall moves upward relative to the foot wall. These indicate compressive (horizontal) shortening of the crust.

A

Reverse Fault

159
Q

The hanging wall moves downward relative to the foot wall. This accommodates lengthening, or extension of crust.

A

Normal Fault

160
Q

A type of reverse fault with fault plane dipping at <45˚. It is most pronounced along convergent boundaries and associated with the formation of folds producing a mountainous geography.

A

Thrust Faults

161
Q

A high angle fault which the relative uplifted block is the active block

A

Upthrust Fault

162
Q

The downthrown block between 2 normal faults dipping towards each other.

A

Graben

163
Q

The upthrown block between 2 normal faults dipping away from each other.

A

Gravity Fault

164
Q

These are polished striated lines along the plane.

A

Slickensides

165
Q

The rock formed from the grinding and milling when two sides of fault moving along each other (mylonites).

A

Fault Breccia

166
Q

A tectonite with a very small grain size, unconsolidated and not cohesive.

A

Fault Gouge

167
Q

A small step or offset on ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other

A

Fault Scarp

168
Q

A term for the processes that produce a mountain belt.

A

Orogenesis

169
Q

Most mountain building occurs at ___________ where _________ triggers partial melting which then provides a source of magma that intrudes the crustal rocks that form the margin of the overlying plate.

A

Convergent Zones; subduction

170
Q

It refers to landforms where subduction beneath a continental block results on the formation of a volcanic arc along plate margins.

A

Andean-type Plate Margins

171
Q

The accumulation of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks formed from the sediments scraped by the subducting plate plastered against the landward side of the trench.

A

Accretionary Wedges

172
Q

It refers to any crustal fragment that has a geologic history distinct from that of the adjoin terranes.

A

Terranes

173
Q

It is bounded by high-angle normal faults that gradually flatten with depth. These are formed in response to broad uplifting which causes elongation and faulting.

A

Fault-Block Mountains

174
Q

It is the concept that earth’s crust is floating in gravitational balance upon the material of the mantle.

A

Isostasy

175
Q

It refers to the process of establishing a new level of gravitational equilibrium. It allows erosion to lower the summit of mountains, the crust then rises in response to the reduced load until reaching a normal level of crustal thickness.

A

Isostatic Adjustment

176
Q

The higher the mountain, the _______ the downward force on the rocks especially the ones at the base. This is due to erosion and mass wasting as these processes accelerate relative to elevation.

(lesser/ greater)

A

Greater

177
Q

It is the ductile spreading at depth and normal faulting and subsidence in the upper, brittle portion of the crust. This results when the mountain starts to collapse at its own weight.

A

Gravitational Collapse

Mining Engineering 3 (13 decks)

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