Structural elements Flashcards
Neuron
dendrites/axons projection. Axons end in synapses which release neurotransmitters.
_________ is an importan neurotransmitter in neuromuscular synapses.
Acetylcholine
Release of AcH results in _________ of muscle fiber.
contraction
Nerves are:
collection of many nerve fibers (axons). Cell bodies stay in CNS, nerves travel between cell bodies and peripheral end organ to be innervated.
Groups of fibers traveling together in PNS are called _____.
nerves
In CNS, groups of fibers are called _________ or _____.
pathways
tracts
In CNS, pathways/tracts carry ____ to other neurons.
impulses
In PNS, impulse is carried to ____ _____.
end organs
motor unis is made up of:
the axon and the muscle fiber it innervates
What are the three supporting glial cells
oligodendroglial
schwann cells
astrocytes
oligondendroglial cells form myelin in _____
CNS
schwann cells form myelin in ______
PNS
Astrocytes are found in _____ .
CNS
What is the function of astrocytes?
help move substances between blood and neurons of CNS-Part of blood brain barrier that keeps toxins from brain.
These supporting glial cells help move substances between blood and neurong of CNS-Part of bood brain barrier that keeps toxins from brain.
astrocytes
Neurons can be damaged due to lack of _______ caused by disruption in blood supply
Oxygen (ischemia)
______ may be separated from cell body resulting in motor speech problems.
Axons
If lower motor neuron innervation to muscle is lost muscle will ______.
atrophy
_____ can shrink due to injuries. Certain disease attack _______.
Myelin
What are the diseases that attack myelin?
multiple sclerosis & Guillian Barre
Thalamus
paired structure deep inside the brain. Acts as a relay station. helps mediate speech, language, & cognitive function. Also integral part of motor control system.
Acts as a relay station.
Thalamus
This structure helps mediate speech, language, & cognitive function. Also integral part of motor control system.
Thalamus
Basal ganglia is located inside ______
cerebrum
Basal ganglia is important part of _____ ______ system.
motor speech
Basal ganglia consists of :
Globus pallidus
striatum: putamen &caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus - composed of globus pallidus & putamen
reticular formation is part of ______ and is important for ______ _______.
brainstem
motor control
reticular formation is
part of brainstem and is important for motor control
substantia nigra and subthalamic nuclie are important in _____ ______ and work with _____ _____.
motor control
basal ganglia
substantia nigra is located primarily in ____
midbrain.
Define focal
found in single area
Define multifocal
found in more than one are
define diffuse:
involve bilateral symmetric parts of nervous system, such as dementia, where there is generalized cerebral atrophy
Etiologies capable of producing motor speech disorders-broad categories:
degenerative disease inflammatory diseases toxic- metabolic diseases neuroplastic traumatic injuries vascular diseases
degenerative diseases:
gradual decline in neuronal function
inflammatory diseases
menengitis
toxic-metabolic diseases
due to vitamin deficiencies, drug toxicity
neuroplastic disorder
tumors
traumatic injuries
gunshot, car accidents, falls
vascular diseases:
cardiovascular accidents most common, neurons deprived of oxygen due to disruption in blood supply. CVA results in focal lesions and is acute.
