Motor Speech Disorders introduction Flashcards
The neurologic process of speech production involves:
- cognitive-linguistic process
- motor speech programming
- neuromuscular execution
What is the cognitive linguistic process?
The aspect of speech production involving an intention to communicate which is organized into the verbal symbols that follow the rules of language.
What is motor speech programming?
The intended communication has to be executed by the neuromuscular system. The speaker selects and organizes sensory programs that cause the appropriate speech muscles to be activated at the right times.
What is neromuscular execution?
The CNS and PNS innervate the necessary muscles of respiration, phonation, articulation, and resonance to produce desired words.
What is the definition of motor speech disorders?
Disorders of speech resulting from neurologic impairment affecting the motor programming or neuromuscular execution of speech. They encompass apraxia of speech and the dysarthrias.
What are the two types of motor speech disorders?
dysarthria
apraxia of speech
What is dysarthria?
collective name for group of motor speech disorder resulting from disturbances in muscular control over the speech mechanism due to damage of the CNS or PNS. Can result in paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of speech musculature.
collective name for group of motor speech disorder resulting from disturbances in muscular control over the speech mechanism due to damage of the CNS or PNS. Can result in paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of speech musculature
Dysarthria
Disorders of speech resulting from neurologic impairment affecting the motor programming or neuromuscular execution of speech. They encompass apraxia of speech and the dysarthrias.
Motor speech disorders
Dysarthria affects the following subsystems of speech:
- respiration
- phonation
- resonance
- prosody
- articulation
True or False: The site of lesion for Dysarthria is in the CNS
False, CNS and PNS
What are the types of dysarthria
Flaccid dysarthria hyperkinetic hypokinetic spastic dysarthria mixed disarthria ataxic dysarthria
What is Apraxia of Speech?
Neurogenic speech disorder resulting from impairment of the capacity to program sensorimotor commands for the positioning and movement of muscles for volitional production of speech. Occurs in the absence of weakness.
Neurogenic speech disorder resulting from impairment of the capacity to program sensorimotor commands for the positioning and movement of muscles for volitional production of speech. Occurs in the absence of weakness.
Apraxia of Speech
True or False: Both apraxia and dysarthria can co-occur with aphasia.
True
____________ more commonly co-occurs with aphasia.
Apraxia of speech
Apraxia affects the following sybsystems
Articulation: may be inconsistent errors, difficulty initiating speech
Prosody - due to starting and stopping in self-correcting
Course of disease can be:
- Transient
- Progressive
- improving
- stationary
- exacerbating-remitting
Define transient:
symptoms don’t last, they disappear completely
Define improving
things are improving but some symptoms are still there - just not as severe
Define progressive
Symptoms don’t get better, they continue to get worse or new symptoms appear
Define exacerbating- remitting
symptoms occur, then get better then occur again; gets worse, then better
Define stationary
symptoms remain unchanged after they have reached maximum severity.
symptoms don’t last, they disappear completely
Transient
things are improving but some symptoms are still there - just not as severe
what is improving
Symptoms don’t get better, they continue to get worse or new symptoms appear
Progressive
symptoms occur, then get better then occur again; gets worse, then better
exacerbating-remitting
symptoms remain unchanged after they have reached maximum severity.
stationary
Development of symptoms
acute
subacute
chronic
Define acute
Comes on quickly within minutes
Define subacute
Comes within days
Defina Chronic:
comes on within months
Most motor speech disorders are associated with ______ disorders.
chronic
CNS involves
Cerebellum
Brain stem
cerebrum
Spinal cord
The cerebrum consists of: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lobes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4 lobes: frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal
sulci
gyri
cortex
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Modifies cortical activity
What are the lobes of the cerebellum?
- anterior
- posterior
- flocculondular
Brain stem consists of
Midbrain
pons
medulla
MIdbrain links the _______ to _______.
cerebrum
brainstem
Pons
Bridges to cerebellum
Bridges to cerebellum
Pons
Controls respiration
Medulla
Medulla
controls respiration
What are the 4 main anatomical levels of CNS?
- Supratentorial
- Posterior
- spinal
- peripheral
Supratentorial
Made up of anterior & middle fossae. Contains the 4 lobes. as well as basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus & CN 1 and 2.
Made up of anterior & middle fossae. Contains the 4 lobes. as well as basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus & CN 1 and 2.
Supratentorial
Posterior antomical level
made up of posterior fossa. Contains brainstem, cerebellum, & cranial nerves III - XII
made up of posterior fossa. Contains brainstem, cerebellum, & cranial nerves III - XII
Posterior antomical level
3 cavities in base of skull. Fossa-ditch. Holes in fossae where cranial nerves exit skull- called foramina
Fossae
Which nerves originate in brain stem at the posterior fossa level?
CN III - XII
Which nerves originate in the supratentorial level?
CN I & II
Spinal anatomical level-
spinal cord begins at lower end of medulla surroudned by bony vertebral column. spinal cord ends at first lumbar vertebrae.
spinal cord begins at lower end of medulla surrounded by bony vertebral column. spinal cord ends at first lumbar vertebrae.
spinal anatomical level
Peripheral anatomical level
made up of 12 pairs of cranial and 31 pairs of spinal nerve which exit skull through foramina
made up of 12 pairs of cranial and 31 pairs of spinal nerve which exit skull through foramina
peripheral anatomical level
It is important for speech purposes that cranial nerves are _____, one from ______ one from ______ _____. This is protective.
paired
left
right side
What are the six neurologic systems?
- ventricular
- vascular
- sensory system
- neurochemical system
- consciousness system
- motor system
Cranial nerves emerge from base of ________ and penetrate skill through foramina to reach _____ _____ targets.
brainstem
sensory motor
What are the 3 meninges:
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
The dura mater is the
outer membrane- 2 layers fused together
The arachnoid mater is
below dura, loosely covers brain
The pia mater is the
innermost layer, closely attached to surface of brain
outer membrane- 2 layers fused together
dura mater
below dura, loosely covers brain
arachnoid mater
innermost layer, closely attached to surface of brain
pia mater
What are the spaces around the meninges?
epidural
subdural
subarachnoid
Epidural is between
dura and bone
subdural space is beneath ______
dura
Infections can occur in what two spaces due to trauma, blood & pus pool?
epidural and subdural
Subarachnoid is beneath ________ filled with ______, connected to inner part of brain via ________ system
arachnoid
CSF
ventricular
Beneath arachnoid - filled with CSF, connected to inner part of brain via ventricular system
subarachnoid
Vascular system function
provides oxygen and nutrients to structures and removes waste
Ventricular system AKA
cerebrospinal system
The ventricular system _______ the brain.
cushions
Brain receives bood from what 2 arterial systems
carotid and vertebral basilar system
Neurochemical system:
influences all anatomic levels of nervous system. includes Amino acids, ACH, and neuropeptides (protein molecules aid neurons in communicating).
This system influences all anatomic levels of nervous system. includes Amino acids, ACH, and neuropeptides (protein molecules aid neurons in communicating).
Neurochemical system
Consciousness system:
important for maintaining consciousness, attention & awareness of enironment. structures involved include those found at supratentorial and posterior fossae level. Damage can result in motor speech disorders.
This system is important for maintaining consciousness, attention & awareness of enironment. structures involved include those found at supratentorial and posterior fossae level. Damage can result in motor speech disorders
Consciousness system
Motor system:
responsible for all motor activity including that of speech. Includes efferent connection to cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, CNS/PNS pathways. Damage here can cause motor speech disorders.
This system is responsible for all motor activity including that of speech. Includes efferent connection to cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, CNS/PNS pathways. Damage here can cause motor speech disorders.
Motor system
Sensory system includes:
peripheral receptor organs
This system includes peripheral receptor organs
sensory system
