speech pathways & Cranial nerves intro Flashcards
Motor unit consists of:
motor neuron and muscle fibers innervated by the motor neuron
______ ______motor neuron and muscle fibers innervated by the motor neuron
Motor unit
Motor neurons are nerve cells involved in _____ _____ & originate in _____ or _____ from a cranial or spinal nerve.
motor movement
brainstem
spinal cord
motor neurons that involved in motor movement & originate in brainstem and spinal cord from a cranial or spinal nerve are also called _____ _____ _____.
lower motor neurons
______ of these neurons leave cell bodies & travel to specific muscles. _____subdivide into branches that connect with muscle fibers.
Axons
An axon splits into branches, thus can ______ several miscle fibers. Also each fiber may receive input from branches of _____ motor neurons.
innervate
different
Without proper _____ muscle _______. May also result in ________.
innervation
atrophies
fasciculations
Upper motor neurons are
cell bodies in motor cortex and their descending processes that synapse on cranial and spinal motor neurons
_______ _______ ______ are cell bodies in motor cortex and their descending processes that synapse on cranial and spinal motor neurons
Upper motor neurons
Lower motor neurons are :
motor nuclei through which central nervous system sends impulses to muscles (and glands)
______ _____ _____ are motor nuclei through which central nervous system sends impulses to muscles (and glands)
Lower motor neurons
UMN originate in:
upper brain levels
LMN originate in:
brainstem and spinal cord
What are the 4 main parts to speech motor system
- Final common pathway
- Direct activational pathway
- Indirect activational pathway
- control circuits
Speech motor system emphasizes _____ or ______ pathways, however ______ or _____ pathways are important also and problems in _____ pathways can impact motor function,
motor or efferent
afferent or sensory
sensory
Final common pathway is also called?
Lower motor neuron system
Final common pathway:
It’s the last link in sequence of motor events that lead to motor movement & all other components have to go through it.
The _____ _____ _____ is the last link in sequence of motor events that lead to motor movement & all other components have to go through it.
Final common pathway
The final commont pathway has __ paired cranial nerves and ___ paired spinal nerves.
12
31
______ innervation receives innervation from both sides. protective function for most cranial nerves. If one side is damaged, the other sides may stay intact. provides protection for important functions.
Bilateral
bilateral innervation:
receives innervation from both sides. protective function for most cranial nerves. If one side is damaged, the other sides may stay intact. provides protection for important functions.
Unilateral innervation:
receives innervation from only 1 side so damage occurs more easily.
_______ innervation receives innervation from only 1 side so damage occurs more easily.
Unilateral
________ innervation receives innervation from opposite side.
Contralateral
Contralateral innervatioin
receives innervation from opposite side.
ipsilateral
receives innervation from same side
_____ nerve (__) has bilateral innervation for ____ face and______ innervation for ____ face.
Facial, VII
upper
contralateral
lower
______ nerve has bilateral innervation (UMN innervation) to most ____ muscles, but contralateral innervation to ________.
Hypoglossal
tongue
genioglossus
Damage to LMN system results in:
weakness
atrophy
fasciulations
Trigeminal nerve V has ______ innervation.
Bilateral
Trigeminal nerve provides sensory information from:
face, mouth, jaw, tongue, lip
_______ nerve provides sensory information from face, mouth, jaw, tongue, and lip.
Trigeminal (V)
______ provides motor function to jaw.
Trigeminal (V)
What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?
sensory optholamic branch: innervates upper face
sensory maxillary branch: innervates midface
sensory/motor mandibular branch: innervates jaw muscles (muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatinin, and mylohyoid
Function of tensor veli palatini
tenses and flattens soft palate
The trigeminal nerve originates in the ____
pons
The trigeminal nerve is usually damaged alone. True of false.
False.
With ______ lesions (LMN) of trigeminal nerve, jaw may hang open at rest. can have profound effect on speech.
bilateral
Describe a bilateral LMN lesion of the trigeminal nerve
jaw may hang open at rest. patient may not be able to close jaw or may move it slowly or have reduced ROM. If examiner tries to open or close jaw & have patient resist this, pt may not be able to resits movement.
Where is the lesion for the following: jaw may hang open at rest. patient may not be able to close jaw or may move it slowly or have reduced ROM. If examiner tries to open or close jaw & have patient resist this, pt may not be able to resits movement.
Bilateral LMN lesion
With _____ lesions (LMN), jaw deviates to weak side or may be easily pushed to one side. When pt bites down there might not be strong muscle contraction of masseter. Does not affect speech too much.
unilateral
Describe a unilateral LMN lesion of the trigeminal nerve
Jaw deviates to weak side. or can be easily pushed to one side. May not feel much muscle contraction of masseter when pt bites down. Does not affect speech too much.
Facial nerve innervates muscles of _____ _____.
facial expression
____ nerve innervates muscles of facial expression.
Facial
Facial nerve has ______ innervation to upper face.
bilateral
If patient can’t wrinkle forehead there are probably 2 lesions on _____ nerve.
facial
Facial nerve has _____ innervation to lower part of face,
contralateral
_____ nerve has contralateral innervation to lower part of face.
Facial
What nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle of pharynx?
Glossopharyngeal IX
What is the function of the stylopharyngeus?
to elevate pharynx in speech and swallowing
The glossopharyngeal nerve sends sensory information from ______, ______, and _____ _____.
pharynx,
tongue
eustachian tube
Lesions of glossopharyngeal cause:
reduces pharyngeal sensation & decreased in gag reflex
Lessions of _______ reduces pharyngeal sensation & decreased in gag
Glossophrayngeal nerve
Glossophrayngeal has ______ innervation.
bilateral
Accessory XI has _____ innervation.
bilateral
_____ nerve is important for head and neck movement.
Accessory
What are the three branches of the Vagus nerver?
- Pharyngeal branch
- superior laryngeal branch
- recurrent laryngeal branch
The superior laryngeal nerve innervates what?
The inferior phrayngeal constrictor and cricothyroid muscle
The phrayngeal branch innervates what?
muscles of pharynx (except stylopharyngeus) and soft palate (except tensor veli palatini) also innervates palatoglossus muscle of tongue
________ muscle is responsible for changes in pitch through tensing of vocal folds.
Cricothyroid muscle
All branches of the vagus nerve have ______ innervation.
bilateral
The hypoglossal innervates what muscles?
All intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles except palatoglossus.
The hypoglossal provides bilateral innervation to all tongue muscles except _________.
genioglossus.
If there is damage to hypoglossal (LMN), it can cause what three things to tongue?
atrophy
weakness
fasiculations
UMN lesion of hypoglossal will deviate tongue to
side contralateral to lesion.
LMN lesion of hypoglossal will deviate tongue to
same side of lesion.
When unilateral lesions occur most structures deviate to the side of _______.
weakness
If the unilateral lesion is UMN, the structure deviates ______ to the side of lesion.
contralateral
If the unilateral lesion is LMN, the structure deviates ______ to the side of the lesion.
ipsialateral
If the lesion is bilateral, the result is decreased ____ and ____.
ROM
strength
If the structure deviates contralateral to the side of the lesion then it is a ________
unilateral lesion (UMN)
If the structure deviates ipsialateral to the side of the lesion, it is ______ lesion.
unilateral LMN
If the result of the lesion is decreased ROM and strength, the lesion is _______.
bilateral
______ nerves innervvate muscles of respiration, including the phrenic nerve which innervates the diaphragm.
Spinal
The direct activation pathway ______ connects and influences the _______.
directly
final common pathway
The direct activation pathway and indirect activation pathway make up the ____ system.
upper motor neuron
UMN system includes neurons that ______ LMNs.
regulates
What are the two tracts that makes up part of the upper motor neuron system and direct activation pathway?
corticobulbar and corticospinal
________ tract is most important for speech-involves the cranial nerves important for speech
Corticobulbar
The corticobulbar:
originates in cortex (mainly at the primary motor cortex) and terminates in brainstem at the level of the cranial nerve nuclei involved with speech.
Called corticobulbar, because “bulb” refers to _____ where the axons terminate.
brainstem
The ______ originates in cortex (mainly at the primary motor cortex) and terminates in brainstem at the level of the cranial nerve nuclei involved with speech.
Corticobulbar
The ______ tract originates in cortex and descends to lower medulla where it terminates at the level of spinal nerve nuclei.
Corticospinal
Corticospinal:
originates in cortex and descends to lower medulla where it terminates at the level of spinal nerve nuclei.
The corticospinal tract continues on to the ______.
spinal cord
Corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts descend from _____ through corona radiate and internal capsule to either _____ or ______.
cortex
brainstem
spinal cord
The direct activation pathways is important for
controlled, discrete, skilled and often rapid voluntary movements as seen in speech.
The _________controlled, discrete, skilled and often rapid voluntary movements as seen in speech.
direct activation pathway
________ lesions can have severe impact on speech.
Unilateral LMN
_______ lesions usually dont have severe impact on speech as there is innervation from other side
Unilateral UMN
Why don’t unilateral UMN lesions cause a severe impact on speech.
There is still innervation from the other side.
______ UMN lesions can have severe impact.
Bilateral
_______ is less understood and its function is difficult to separate from basal ganglia and cerebellum.
Indirect activation pathway
The _______ does influence the LMN system wheras the basal ganglia and cerebellum do not.
indirect activation pathway
The indirect activation pathway starts at ____ and has various synapses before arriving at _____.
motor cortex
brainstem
The ______ starts at the motor cortex and has various synapses before arriving at brainstem.
indirect activation pathway
The _____ is analogus to a direct or express train line with no stops. Where as the ____ is like a local line stopping at various places.
direct activation pathway
indirect activation pathway
The _____ is made up of several short paths and interconnected structures between the origin in the cortex and its final termination at the cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord nuclei.
indirect activation pathway
What is the indirect activation pathway i made up of?
several short paths and interconnected structures between the origin in the cortex and its final termination at the cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord nuclei.
The ______ is scattered cells in the brainstem and is important in sensorimotor integration.
reticular formation
What is reticular formation?
scattered cells in the brainstem and is important in sensorimotor integration
_______ _______ integrate or help control the structures and pathways involved in motor movement.
Control circuits
What is the function of control circuits?
Control circuits integrate or help control the structures and pathways involved in motor movement.
Control circuits have no direct contact with ______
lower motor neuron system
_____ provides input to cerebral cortex to coordinate motor movement.
Basal ganglia Control circuit
Basal Ganglia Control circuit provides input to ____ ___ to _____ motor movement.
cerebral cortex
coordinate
Basal ganglia Control circuits involved in ______ muscle _____ and maintaining _____ ______.
regulating
tone
normal posture
Control circuits are involved in:
regulating muscle tone and maintaining normal posture
_______ are involved in regulating muscle tone and maintaining normal posture
control circuit
Basal ganglia control circuit depends on balance among several _______ for aiding motor activity.
neurotransmitters (ACH, dopamine and GABA)
Basal ganglia control circuit:
Depends on balance among several neurotransmitters (AcH, dopamine, and GABA for aiding motor activity.
__________ depends on balance among several nerotransmitters for aiding motor activity.
basal ganglia control circuit
Cerebellar control circuit
integrates and coordinates movements for speech, including timing, size of muscular action and sequences of movements to provide smoothly flowing well-timed, coordinated speech.
________ integrates and coordinates movements for speech including timing size of muscular action and sequences of movements to provide smoothly flowing well timed, coordinated speech.
cerebellar control circuit
Damage to cerebellar control circuit results in _____ dysarthria
ataxic.
Cerebellar control circuit integrates and coordinates movements fo speech including _______, _____, of muscular actions and ______ of movements to provide ____ _____ well timed, ______ speech.
size
timing
sequences
smoothly flowing
What is the function of the palate glosses?
Contraction can either depress the soft palate or elevate the pharynx and larynx for swallowing
