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Motor speech disorders > speech pathways & Cranial nerves intro > Flashcards

speech pathways & Cranial nerves intro Flashcards

1
Q

Motor unit consists of:

A

motor neuron and muscle fibers innervated by the motor neuron

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2
Q

______ ______motor neuron and muscle fibers innervated by the motor neuron

A

Motor unit

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3
Q

Motor neurons are nerve cells involved in _____ _____ & originate in _____ or _____ from a cranial or spinal nerve.

A

motor movement
brainstem
spinal cord

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4
Q

motor neurons that involved in motor movement & originate in brainstem and spinal cord from a cranial or spinal nerve are also called _____ _____ _____.

A

lower motor neurons

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5
Q

______ of these neurons leave cell bodies & travel to specific muscles. _____subdivide into branches that connect with muscle fibers.

A

Axons

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6
Q

An axon splits into branches, thus can ______ several miscle fibers. Also each fiber may receive input from branches of _____ motor neurons.

A

innervate

different

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7
Q

Without proper _____ muscle _______. May also result in ________.

A

innervation
atrophies
fasciculations

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8
Q

Upper motor neurons are

A

cell bodies in motor cortex and their descending processes that synapse on cranial and spinal motor neurons

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9
Q

_______ _______ ______ are cell bodies in motor cortex and their descending processes that synapse on cranial and spinal motor neurons

A

Upper motor neurons

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10
Q

Lower motor neurons are :

A

motor nuclei through which central nervous system sends impulses to muscles (and glands)

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11
Q

______ _____ _____ are motor nuclei through which central nervous system sends impulses to muscles (and glands)

A

Lower motor neurons

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12
Q

UMN originate in:

A

upper brain levels

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13
Q

LMN originate in:

A

brainstem and spinal cord

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14
Q

What are the 4 main parts to speech motor system

A
  1. Final common pathway
  2. Direct activational pathway
  3. Indirect activational pathway
  4. control circuits
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15
Q

Speech motor system emphasizes _____ or ______ pathways, however ______ or _____ pathways are important also and problems in _____ pathways can impact motor function,

A

motor or efferent
afferent or sensory
sensory

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16
Q

Final common pathway is also called?

A

Lower motor neuron system

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17
Q

Final common pathway:

A

It’s the last link in sequence of motor events that lead to motor movement & all other components have to go through it.

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18
Q

The _____ _____ _____ is the last link in sequence of motor events that lead to motor movement & all other components have to go through it.

A

Final common pathway

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19
Q

The final commont pathway has __ paired cranial nerves and ___ paired spinal nerves.

A

12

31

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20
Q

______ innervation receives innervation from both sides. protective function for most cranial nerves. If one side is damaged, the other sides may stay intact. provides protection for important functions.

A

Bilateral

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21
Q

bilateral innervation:

A

receives innervation from both sides. protective function for most cranial nerves. If one side is damaged, the other sides may stay intact. provides protection for important functions.

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22
Q

Unilateral innervation:

A

receives innervation from only 1 side so damage occurs more easily.

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23
Q

_______ innervation receives innervation from only 1 side so damage occurs more easily.

A

Unilateral

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24
Q

________ innervation receives innervation from opposite side.

A

Contralateral

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25
Q

Contralateral innervatioin

A

receives innervation from opposite side.

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26
Q

ipsilateral

A

receives innervation from same side

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27
Q

_____ nerve (__) has bilateral innervation for ____ face and______ innervation for ____ face.

A

Facial, VII
upper
contralateral
lower

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28
Q

______ nerve has bilateral innervation (UMN innervation) to most ____ muscles, but contralateral innervation to ________.

A

Hypoglossal
tongue
genioglossus

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29
Q

Damage to LMN system results in:

A

weakness
atrophy
fasciulations

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30
Q

Trigeminal nerve V has ______ innervation.

A

Bilateral

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31
Q

Trigeminal nerve provides sensory information from:

A

face, mouth, jaw, tongue, lip

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32
Q

_______ nerve provides sensory information from face, mouth, jaw, tongue, and lip.

A

Trigeminal (V)

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33
Q

______ provides motor function to jaw.

A

Trigeminal (V)

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34
Q

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

sensory optholamic branch: innervates upper face
sensory maxillary branch: innervates midface
sensory/motor mandibular branch: innervates jaw muscles (muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatinin, and mylohyoid

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35
Q

Function of tensor veli palatini

A

tenses and flattens soft palate

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36
Q

The trigeminal nerve originates in the ____

A

pons

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37
Q

The trigeminal nerve is usually damaged alone. True of false.

A

False.

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38
Q

With ______ lesions (LMN) of trigeminal nerve, jaw may hang open at rest. can have profound effect on speech.

A

bilateral

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39
Q

Describe a bilateral LMN lesion of the trigeminal nerve

A

jaw may hang open at rest. patient may not be able to close jaw or may move it slowly or have reduced ROM. If examiner tries to open or close jaw & have patient resist this, pt may not be able to resits movement.

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40
Q

Where is the lesion for the following: jaw may hang open at rest. patient may not be able to close jaw or may move it slowly or have reduced ROM. If examiner tries to open or close jaw & have patient resist this, pt may not be able to resits movement.

A

Bilateral LMN lesion

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41
Q

With _____ lesions (LMN), jaw deviates to weak side or may be easily pushed to one side. When pt bites down there might not be strong muscle contraction of masseter. Does not affect speech too much.

A

unilateral

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42
Q

Describe a unilateral LMN lesion of the trigeminal nerve

A

Jaw deviates to weak side. or can be easily pushed to one side. May not feel much muscle contraction of masseter when pt bites down. Does not affect speech too much.

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43
Q

Facial nerve innervates muscles of _____ _____.

A

facial expression

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44
Q

____ nerve innervates muscles of facial expression.

A

Facial

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45
Q

Facial nerve has ______ innervation to upper face.

A

bilateral

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46
Q

If patient can’t wrinkle forehead there are probably 2 lesions on _____ nerve.

A

facial

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47
Q

Facial nerve has _____ innervation to lower part of face,

A

contralateral

48
Q

_____ nerve has contralateral innervation to lower part of face.

A

Facial

49
Q

What nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle of pharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal IX

50
Q

What is the function of the stylopharyngeus?

A

to elevate pharynx in speech and swallowing

51
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve sends sensory information from ______, ______, and _____ _____.

A

pharynx,
tongue
eustachian tube

52
Q

Lesions of glossopharyngeal cause:

A

reduces pharyngeal sensation & decreased in gag reflex

53
Q

Lessions of _______ reduces pharyngeal sensation & decreased in gag

A

Glossophrayngeal nerve

54
Q

Glossophrayngeal has ______ innervation.

A

bilateral

55
Q

Accessory XI has _____ innervation.

A

bilateral

56
Q

_____ nerve is important for head and neck movement.

A

Accessory

57
Q

What are the three branches of the Vagus nerver?

A
  1. Pharyngeal branch
  2. superior laryngeal branch
  3. recurrent laryngeal branch
58
Q

The superior laryngeal nerve innervates what?

A

The inferior phrayngeal constrictor and cricothyroid muscle

59
Q

The phrayngeal branch innervates what?

A

muscles of pharynx (except stylopharyngeus) and soft palate (except tensor veli palatini) also innervates palatoglossus muscle of tongue

60
Q

________ muscle is responsible for changes in pitch through tensing of vocal folds.

A

Cricothyroid muscle

61
Q

All branches of the vagus nerve have ______ innervation.

A

bilateral

62
Q

The hypoglossal innervates what muscles?

A

All intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles except palatoglossus.

63
Q

The hypoglossal provides bilateral innervation to all tongue muscles except _________.

A

genioglossus.

64
Q

If there is damage to hypoglossal (LMN), it can cause what three things to tongue?

A

atrophy
weakness
fasiculations

65
Q

UMN lesion of hypoglossal will deviate tongue to

A

side contralateral to lesion.

66
Q

LMN lesion of hypoglossal will deviate tongue to

A

same side of lesion.

67
Q

When unilateral lesions occur most structures deviate to the side of _______.

A

weakness

68
Q

If the unilateral lesion is UMN, the structure deviates ______ to the side of lesion.

A

contralateral

69
Q

If the unilateral lesion is LMN, the structure deviates ______ to the side of the lesion.

A

ipsialateral

70
Q

If the lesion is bilateral, the result is decreased ____ and ____.

A

ROM

strength

71
Q

If the structure deviates contralateral to the side of the lesion then it is a ________

A

unilateral lesion (UMN)

72
Q

If the structure deviates ipsialateral to the side of the lesion, it is ______ lesion.

A

unilateral LMN

73
Q

If the result of the lesion is decreased ROM and strength, the lesion is _______.

A

bilateral

74
Q

______ nerves innervvate muscles of respiration, including the phrenic nerve which innervates the diaphragm.

A

Spinal

75
Q

The direct activation pathway ______ connects and influences the _______.

A

directly

final common pathway

76
Q

The direct activation pathway and indirect activation pathway make up the ____ system.

A

upper motor neuron

77
Q

UMN system includes neurons that ______ LMNs.

A

regulates

78
Q

What are the two tracts that makes up part of the upper motor neuron system and direct activation pathway?

A

corticobulbar and corticospinal

79
Q

________ tract is most important for speech-involves the cranial nerves important for speech

A

Corticobulbar

80
Q

The corticobulbar:

A

originates in cortex (mainly at the primary motor cortex) and terminates in brainstem at the level of the cranial nerve nuclei involved with speech.

81
Q

Called corticobulbar, because “bulb” refers to _____ where the axons terminate.

A

brainstem

82
Q

The ______ originates in cortex (mainly at the primary motor cortex) and terminates in brainstem at the level of the cranial nerve nuclei involved with speech.

A

Corticobulbar

83
Q

The ______ tract originates in cortex and descends to lower medulla where it terminates at the level of spinal nerve nuclei.

A

Corticospinal

84
Q

Corticospinal:

A

originates in cortex and descends to lower medulla where it terminates at the level of spinal nerve nuclei.

85
Q

The corticospinal tract continues on to the ______.

A

spinal cord

86
Q

Corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts descend from _____ through corona radiate and internal capsule to either _____ or ______.

A

cortex
brainstem
spinal cord

87
Q

The direct activation pathways is important for

A

controlled, discrete, skilled and often rapid voluntary movements as seen in speech.

88
Q

The _________controlled, discrete, skilled and often rapid voluntary movements as seen in speech.

A

direct activation pathway

89
Q

________ lesions can have severe impact on speech.

A

Unilateral LMN

90
Q

_______ lesions usually dont have severe impact on speech as there is innervation from other side

A

Unilateral UMN

91
Q

Why don’t unilateral UMN lesions cause a severe impact on speech.

A

There is still innervation from the other side.

92
Q

______ UMN lesions can have severe impact.

A

Bilateral

93
Q

_______ is less understood and its function is difficult to separate from basal ganglia and cerebellum.

A

Indirect activation pathway

94
Q

The _______ does influence the LMN system wheras the basal ganglia and cerebellum do not.

A

indirect activation pathway

95
Q

The indirect activation pathway starts at ____ and has various synapses before arriving at _____.

A

motor cortex

brainstem

96
Q

The ______ starts at the motor cortex and has various synapses before arriving at brainstem.

A

indirect activation pathway

97
Q

The _____ is analogus to a direct or express train line with no stops. Where as the ____ is like a local line stopping at various places.

A

direct activation pathway

indirect activation pathway

98
Q

The _____ is made up of several short paths and interconnected structures between the origin in the cortex and its final termination at the cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord nuclei.

A

indirect activation pathway

99
Q

What is the indirect activation pathway i made up of?

A

several short paths and interconnected structures between the origin in the cortex and its final termination at the cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord nuclei.

100
Q

The ______ is scattered cells in the brainstem and is important in sensorimotor integration.

A

reticular formation

101
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

scattered cells in the brainstem and is important in sensorimotor integration

102
Q

_______ _______ integrate or help control the structures and pathways involved in motor movement.

A

Control circuits

103
Q

What is the function of control circuits?

A

Control circuits integrate or help control the structures and pathways involved in motor movement.

104
Q

Control circuits have no direct contact with ______

A

lower motor neuron system

105
Q

_____ provides input to cerebral cortex to coordinate motor movement.

A

Basal ganglia Control circuit

106
Q

Basal Ganglia Control circuit provides input to ____ ___ to _____ motor movement.

A

cerebral cortex

coordinate

107
Q

Basal ganglia Control circuits involved in ______ muscle _____ and maintaining _____ ______.

A

regulating
tone
normal posture

108
Q

Control circuits are involved in:

A

regulating muscle tone and maintaining normal posture

109
Q

_______ are involved in regulating muscle tone and maintaining normal posture

A

control circuit

110
Q

Basal ganglia control circuit depends on balance among several _______ for aiding motor activity.

A

neurotransmitters (ACH, dopamine and GABA)

111
Q

Basal ganglia control circuit:

A

Depends on balance among several neurotransmitters (AcH, dopamine, and GABA for aiding motor activity.

112
Q

__________ depends on balance among several nerotransmitters for aiding motor activity.

A

basal ganglia control circuit

113
Q

Cerebellar control circuit

A

integrates and coordinates movements for speech, including timing, size of muscular action and sequences of movements to provide smoothly flowing well-timed, coordinated speech.

114
Q

________ integrates and coordinates movements for speech including timing size of muscular action and sequences of movements to provide smoothly flowing well timed, coordinated speech.

A

cerebellar control circuit

115
Q

Damage to cerebellar control circuit results in _____ dysarthria

A

ataxic.

116
Q

Cerebellar control circuit integrates and coordinates movements fo speech including _______, _____, of muscular actions and ______ of movements to provide ____ _____ well timed, ______ speech.

A

size
timing
sequences
smoothly flowing

117
Q

What is the function of the palate glosses?

A

Contraction can either depress the soft palate or elevate the pharynx and larynx for swallowing

Motor speech disorders (8 decks)

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