Structural Biochem Flashcards
number of atoms needed to satisfy a macromolecule
1,000 atoms
old definition
number of ATP required for the daily functioning of the body
100-14 mol/L/day
70 kg/day
amount of ATP molecules utilized by a single cell per second
10 million ATP molecules per second
requriements of a chemical reaction
reactants
products
energy
21st AA
selenocysteine
22nd AA
pyrrolysine
restricted only in some methanogenic archaea and bacteria
enantiomer of aa seen in the human body
L-isomer
remarks on cellulose
most abundant compound on earth polymer of carbohydrate forms the primary cell wall of plants (+) glycosidic bonds hydroPHILIC
*cellulose is a carbohydrate, ergo CARBOHYDRATES are the most abundant molecule in NATURE
remarks on LIGNIN
2nd most abundant compound on earth
polymer of non-carbohydrate aromatic compounds (polyphenols)
important compound in the formation of SECONDARY cell wall of plants
(+) ESTER or ether bonds
HYDROPHOBIC
Chief consituent of fungal cell walls
chitin
- also chief constituent of insect exoskeleton
- chief constituent of crustacean exoskeleton
Major storage polysaccharide of plants
starch
constituents of starch
amylopectin (80%)
amylose (20%)
Classes of fa that are exceptions to the chylomicron-mediated transportation of fatty acids from the intestines to the circulation
short chain FA (SCFA)
MCFA
Flour is fortified with
Vitamin A and iron
Sugar is fortified with
Vitamin A
rice is fortified with
iron
cooking oil is fortified with
vitamin a
Vitaman A is added to
flour
refined sugar
coooking oil
iron is added to
flour
rice
remarks on polyphenols
phenol compound
-attaching an aromatic benzenoid ring to a hydroxyl (-OH) group (as is found in alcohols)
examples of polyphenols
flavonoids lignans lignini phenolic acid stillbenoids
remarks on flavonoids
anti-oxidative anti-inflammatory anti-carcinogenic may be helpful in CVD prevention has hormone-like properties (such as estrogen)
MOST COMMON GROUP of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet
*in plants: floral pigmentation, UV filtration, and nitrogen fixation
remarks on lignans
serves as precursors to phytoestrogens (has hormone-like properties)
have potential for nti-oxidative and anti-carcinogenic effects
remarks on lignin (again)
forms the SECONDARY cell walls of plants
fills the space in the cell wall bet cellulose, especially in the vascular and support tissues of plants (xylem)
remarks on phenolic acid
caffeic acid is an example
found in coffee beans and is chamically unrelated to caffeine
has ANTI-OXIDATIVE and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS
remarks on stilbenoids
has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory effects
anti-diabetic effects
further research is warranted
