Structural Biochem

Question 1

number of atoms needed to satisfy a macromolecule

Answer 1

1,000 atoms

old definition

Question 2

number of ATP required for the daily functioning of the body

Answer 2

100-14 mol/L/day

70 kg/day

Question 3

amount of ATP molecules utilized by a single cell per second

Answer 3

10 million ATP molecules per second

Question 4

requriements of a chemical reaction

Answer 4

reactants
products
energy

Question 5

21st AA

Answer 5

selenocysteine

Question 6

22nd AA

Answer 6

pyrrolysine

restricted only in some methanogenic archaea and bacteria

Question 7

enantiomer of aa seen in the human body

Answer 7

L-isomer

Question 8

remarks on cellulose

Answer 8

most abundant compound on earth
polymer of carbohydrate
forms the primary cell wall of plants
(+) glycosidic bonds
hydroPHILIC

*cellulose is a carbohydrate, ergo CARBOHYDRATES are the most abundant molecule in NATURE

Question 9

remarks on LIGNIN

Answer 9

2nd most abundant compound on earth
polymer of non-carbohydrate aromatic compounds (polyphenols)
important compound in the formation of SECONDARY cell wall of plants
(+) ESTER or ether bonds
HYDROPHOBIC

Question 10

Chief consituent of fungal cell walls

Answer 10

chitin

• also chief constituent of insect exoskeleton
• chief constituent of crustacean exoskeleton

Question 11

Major storage polysaccharide of plants

Answer 11

starch

Question 12

constituents of starch

Answer 12

amylopectin (80%)

amylose (20%)

Question 13

Classes of fa that are exceptions to the chylomicron-mediated transportation of fatty acids from the intestines to the circulation

Answer 13

short chain FA (SCFA)

MCFA

Question 14

Flour is fortified with

Answer 14

Vitamin A and iron

Question 15

Sugar is fortified with

Answer 15

Vitamin A

Question 16

rice is fortified with

Answer 16

iron

Question 17

cooking oil is fortified with

Answer 17

vitamin a

Question 18

Vitaman A is added to

Answer 18

flour
refined sugar
coooking oil

Question 19

iron is added to

Answer 19

flour

rice

Question 20

remarks on polyphenols

Answer 20

phenol compound

-attaching an aromatic benzenoid ring to a hydroxyl (-OH) group (as is found in alcohols)

Question 21

examples of polyphenols

Answer 21

flavonoids
lignans
lignini
phenolic acid
stillbenoids

Question 22

remarks on flavonoids

Answer 22

anti-oxidative
anti-inflammatory
anti-carcinogenic
may be helpful in CVD prevention
has hormone-like properties (such as estrogen)

MOST COMMON GROUP of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet

*in plants: floral pigmentation, UV filtration, and nitrogen fixation

Question 23

remarks on lignans

Answer 23

serves as precursors to phytoestrogens (has hormone-like properties)
have potential for nti-oxidative and anti-carcinogenic effects

Question 24

remarks on lignin (again)

Answer 24

forms the SECONDARY cell walls of plants

fills the space in the cell wall bet cellulose, especially in the vascular and support tissues of plants (xylem)

Question 25

remarks on phenolic acid

Answer 25

caffeic acid is an example
found in coffee beans and is chamically unrelated to caffeine
has ANTI-OXIDATIVE and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS

Question 26

remarks on stilbenoids

Answer 26

has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory effects
anti-diabetic effects
further research is warranted