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Biochem; Re > Biochem Halo-halo 2 > Flashcards

Biochem Halo-halo 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Remark/s on pH

A

The pH of a solution is the negative log of its [H+]

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2
Q

Henderson-hasselbach equation

A

PH = pka + log(UP/P)

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3
Q

Major buffer systems in the body

A
  1. Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system
    - operates principally in ECF
  2. Hemoglobin buffer system (in rbcs)
  3. Phosphate buffer system (in all types of cells)
  4. Protein buffer system (of cells and plasma)
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4
Q

The body generates how much CO2 per day?

A

13 mol of CO2 per day

~0.5 to 1kg

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5
Q

Remarks on intracellular buffers

A

“Phosphate anions and proteins are the major buffers involved in maintaining a constant pH of ICF.” (Marks)

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6
Q

Best intracellular buffer, and what’s the intracellular pH?

A

Guyton: “approximately 60-70% of the total chemical buffering of the body fluid is INSIDE the cells, and most of this buffering results from the INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS.

Intracellular pH: 6.0-7.4

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7
Q

Remarks on iron

A

Only about 10% of the 1 g/day of dietary iron is absorbed

Of the 3-5 g of iron in the body, approx 2-2.5 g of iron is in hemoglobin

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8
Q

Remarks on iron deficiency

A

Affects about 15% of worldwide population (Bishop, 2018)

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9
Q

Remarks on rice in the philipines

A 
Philippines accounts for 2.8% of global rice production (8th in world)
Rice provide ff per day
56% of calories
37% proteins
3.8% of fats
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10
Q

Daily zinc requirement

A

8-11 mg/day

Pregnant and lactating: 11-13mg/day

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11
Q

Daily Fe requirement

A

12-28mg/day

Pregnant/lactating: 30-38mg/day

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12
Q

Population in Ph with most prevalaent IDA

A

Infants (40.5%)

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13
Q

Population in Ph with most prevalent zinc deviciency

A

Elderly > 60y (36.3%)

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14
Q

Cut off for anemia

A

Moderate: 10g/dL hgb
Severe: 7g/dL Hgb

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15
Q

Acceptable level of serum Zn

A

65 mcg/dL

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16
Q

Remarks on zinc and other nutrients

A

Zinc def contributes to vitamin A def since the lack of Zn can reduce the synthesis of retinol binding protein

17
Q

Remarks on inhibition of micronutrient absorption

A

70% of total intake of Filipino diet come from plant sources, primarily rice and corn that contain high amounts of PHYTATE, a potent inhibitor of micronutrient absorption

18
Q

Proxy indicator for iron def

A

Anemia

19
Q

Alternative indicator for zinc def

A

Anemia and stunting

20
Q

Food fortification in the Ph

A 
Rice: iron
Flour: iron, vitam A
Cooking oil: vitamin A
Sugar: vitamin A
Salt: iodinization
RA 8976
21
Q

RDA for vitamin A

A

M: 900 mcg retinol activity equivalent (RAE) per day
F: 700 mcg RAE per day

22
Q

Most common means of assessing vitamin A status in the clinical setting

A

Measurement of retinol by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

*TOXICITY is usually assessed by measuring RETINYL ESTER levels in serum rather than retinol

23
Q

Remarks on myoglobin

A

Consists of single polypeptide chain
1 O2 bound only
Hyperbolic curve
Absent allosteric effects

24
Q

Remarks on hemoglobin

A

Heme has iron and histidine
Hemoglobin has 4 polypeptides, hence can form quaternary structure
Sigmoidal configuration

25
Q

Remark/s on peptide bonds

A

Partial double-bond character (represents 1.5 bonds)
Rigid and planar
Generally, in the trans configuration
Pepide bond formation is a dehydration chemical reaction

26
Q

First protein ever sequenced

A

Insulin (for which Sanger won the Nobel prize)

27
Q

Remarks on secondary protein structure

A

Folding into geometrically ordered units

Stabilized by hydrogen bonding

28
Q

Remarks on alpha helix

A

3.6 AA per turn
Examples:
Keratin (100% a-helix)
Hemoglobin (80% a-helix)

29
Q

Amino acids that can disrupt the a-helix structure

A

Proline and glycine

30
Q

Remarks on beta sheet

A

Exmples:
Amyloid
Immunoglobulin
*MOTIFS
-supersecndary structures produced by packing side chains from adjacent secondary structural elements close to each other
E.g. B-a-B unit, Greek key, B-meander, B-barrel

31
Q

Remark/s on tertiary protein structure

A

Overall 3d shape of the protein
Globular vs fibrous protein
Assembly into larger FUNCTIONAL UNITS such as the MATURE POLYPEPTIDE and its component DOMAINS
Stabilized by disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and ionic interactions

32
Q

Remark/s on damin

A

Fundamental functinal and 3d structural units of polypeptide

Unlike motifs, domains have a functional significance

33
Q

Remark/s on quaaternary sturcture

A

2 or more chains (polymeric)

34
Q

food fortificataion law

A

RA 8976

Biochem; Re (11 decks)

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